Should Corrections Be Date and Time Stamped Essay Example for Free

Should Corrections Be Date and Time Stamped Essay 1.Should corrections be date and time stamped? According to the American Medical Association, all medical records should be date and time stamped and should identify the corrector or the person that is making any changes of any sort. First, the individual making the correction needs to identify him or herself as having authorization to do so. Secondly, any corrections need to contain the date and time they took place so that if any questions were to arise they may be better referenced. Finally, all changes to a patient’s medical record must contain a list of people to notify of the changes. All of these steps are necessary without exception to protect the accuracy of a patient’s medical record. 2.When should a patient be advised of the existence of computerized databases containing medical information about the patient? A patient must understand how their medical records are being maintained. This is very important for confidentiality. Patients need to stay advised of the existence of computerized databases that contain their medical records before the records transfer to the staff entering them into the database. The patient is also to be advised as to whom will maintain their records and who will and will not have access to their medical records. Any person able to access the patient’s record through the computerized database needs to be identified to the patient before the records become part of the system. These steps are to ensure the patient that the right measures are being taken to keep their records confidential.

Political Corruption and Empowerment Essay Example for Free

Political Corruption and Empowerment Essay Participation is dynamic process aimed at involving the masses so that they can formulate their own end goals and work together to realise them. Masses cannot be forced to participate in projects which affect their lives but should be given the opportunity where possible. Empowerment Empowerment is an initiated process that enables the masses to gain power and extend it in such a way that they can use this power to share in changing social, economic and political structures. Empowerment is successful if the participants regard the result of their action as beneficial. Therefore participation is a cornerstone of empowerment. It is a prerequisite for achieving empowerment. Empowerment is one of the consequences of participation, which means that if we want masses to gain power, they must participate. Empowerment is generally seen as a key for good quality of life, increased human dignity, good governance, pro-poor growth, project effectiveness and improved service delivery (Narayan. 2002. 8.). Bureaucracy It means the structure and set of regulations that control the activities of people that work for these organizations. It is characterized by standardized procedure (rule-following), formal division of responsibility, hierarchy, and impersonal relationships. Bureaucratic leader are concerned with ensuring workers follow rules and procedures accurately and consistently. The bureaucracy does not create or initiate policy, but it does implement policy decisions. Why mass participation and empowerment are important Empowerment puts people at the centre of the development process; it implies a participatory approach to development focusing on bottom-up approaches rather than top-down bureaucratic methods. Empowerment increases the capabilities of the poor to influence and hold accountable the institutions that provide for them. To this end, empowerment attempts to give power and knowledge to rural communities to assist in creating a better quality of life, so that in the future they will have the skills to rely less on external forces to provide vital services and infrastructure. Mass participation is an essential part of the process of good local governance, and empowerment. To be meaningful, these processes must be seen as fundamental values of Healthy Cities and so must be developed as an integral part of long-term strategic development. Empowerment of mass is associated with cleaner business and government, and better governance. Specifically, the greater their involvement in public life, the lower the level of corruption, even in countries with the same income, civil liberties, education, and legal institutions. Masses Empowerment through inclusion, voice, and accountability can also promote social cohesion and trust, qualities that help reduce corruption, reinforce government and project performance, and provide a conducive environment for reform, with consequential benefits for development effectiveness and economic growth. Finally, empowerment or lack of it can also have positive or negative socio-political effects on the outcomes of countries’ poverty reduction efforts. Why the concept of mass participation has been illusive in the third world There are some serious failures of the international community to contribute meaningfully to empowerment and participatory approaches. If countries are not willing to support countries that need help, then the future is bleak. Aid allocations need to increase if meaningful solutions are to occur. Making the rural poor involved in empowerment and participatory programs is hard to achieve due to their social exclusion. The gap between the poor in rural areas and those who are more wealthy is large and widening Because the rural poor are socially excluded, often development organisations such as the World Bank think of the poor are ignorant and complacent. More often they are not excluded from participating in projects in a meaningful way, due to pre existing biased views that they are not worthy, or indeed, have the skills to participate effectively. (Courtney et all in Godinot and Wodon (ed). 2006. 3). Lack of empowerment amongst rural people leads to their vulnerability and thus most development projects tend to benefit the benefactors rather than the beneficiaries. In light of this sustainable development is not achieved because non-participation of local people means that rural development is not self-sustaining. Therefore, local rural people play an important role in rural development because they understand their situation and problems better than the government, aid agencies and other stakeholders. This highlights the gap between the reality and ideal of empowerment and participatory development where the poor themselves are considered the centre of the process and the most vital players. Rural areas in developing countries experience large problems associated with access to basic amenities and services. Attempts to resolve this situation involve development programs using community empowerment in rural areas of developing nations to ameliorate instances of poverty. The aspirations deep inside the poor can only be brought out by making them the centre of the development process. They have difficulty expressing them due to their exclusion. How mass participation and empowerment are promoted or discouraged by the action of bureaucracy The problem with bureaucracy is that Executives want to control everything; even the simplest administrative decision has to be approved at the top. . One problem is unnecessary delays in outputs (Waterston 1965:259) , for even though there are more than enough officials in the lower administrative ranks, they are not effectively employed in the posts to which they were appointed. Political involvement of officials – when bureaucracy becomes involved in politics, this stimulates corruption. Officials start taking decision and performing actions that will benefit themselves, or groups in which they have an interest. Corruption is out of control. Development funds are siphoned off to hire friends or relatives. In some cases the money simply disappears. The misuse of office by government functionaries is relatively common in areas of public procurement, revenue collection, government appointments and contracts, licensing and permits. In these areas of specialty, graft and venality are readily executed through anyone of the following activities: The civil servant receives from a private contractor a fixed percentage of awarded government contracts; the kickback may be in kind, such as free education for the children in foreign institutions, or in cash, paid directly into bank account. Police or other law enforcement agents use the threat of sanctions to extort bribes in lieu of official fees or taxes. But paying bribes to avoid taxes or fees is equally damaging to society since governments depend on such revenues to provide public goods. The relative absence of revenues from taxes and fees also means less compensation for civil servants, which leads to more corrupt practices. One of the reasons adduced by low- level government employees for demanding bribes is the infrequency of their monthly salary. Government employees in essential services, e.g. law enforcement, electric power supply, telecommunication etc. Customs agents insist on payments above the official rates or side payments before providing requisite services to both importers and exporters. Those unwilling to pay bribes stand the chance of losing their merchandise through forfeiture or theft. Civil servants award large contracts to companies owned by relatives or partners, and in return receive an agreed upon fee or lavish hospitality. Officials responsible for permits and licenses demand extra payment for services ordinarily called for by their office; in cases where expediency is requested, a great deal more is demanded to speed-up the process. Bureaucracies’ themselves create the causes of corruption. Salaries are low, housing is poor, officials lack professional qualification and status, all of which means that officials do not feel motivated to do good work, or to be loyal to the organisation. When a country’s resources are continually misallocated by corrupt government officials bent on maximizing their short-run selfish interests, development is severely hindered through a multitude of social and economic dislocations. The bureaucracy is unresponsive to the needs of the public; there is an atmosphere of official’s indifference and unsympathetic attitude toward the needs of the people. This is caused by the strictly centralised nature of the bureaucracies, the lack of mass participation and consequent lack of contact with the populace. A bureaucracy, crucially, is not only a structure, a mere organigramme with functional relationships and roles. It is a group of people with lives, emotions, aspirations, energy, passion and values. Those that work in them often have strong values, great intentions and good ideas. Most want to do good and not be negative. Somehow, however, good intent can evaporate as the dynamic of the organizational ‘system’ unfolds. Can the positive virtues and potential of public sector bureaucracies and the people working in them be rediscovered? These include fostering fairness, equity, and equality of opportunity, being neutral and transparent. These are important achievements of democracy, yet the focus on efficiency can obscure these intentions. The most effective organizations are those where people feel they can be engaged and where their commitment to the organization lies beyond a contractual relationship and where a deeper emotional bond can be established both to the work itself and the organization. In these situations people feel they are able ’to be our true selves’ and to have a ‘creative presence’ so that working gives the sense of ‘pregnant possibilities’ and where they can develop ‘an intensity that feels and appears effortless’. Here energy and passion can come into alignment. Conclusion /My view The participation of communities in development projects is a major aspect of an empowering approach. Participation works well at the small scale. Community based organisations if trained correctly can manage and supervise locally based construction and maintenance activities very effectively (Meshack. 2004. 61). There is a fine balance between success and failure of participation in that it needs to be locally based with little input from external forces. Governments and donors can in fact undermine contributions made by the community in that they take over projects and locals lose their sense of ownership (Meshack. 2004. 61). Participation in development projects does however need outside stakeholders but the community needs to be the one driving the project, as there are many people who can contribute to a development project. Empowerment involves expanding the capabilities of the poor. Its main process involves putting the community at the centre of the development process. The community becomes empowered due to the fact that they have a certain degree of control over their own resources, they gain a sense of ownership over the service or infrastructure being provided. One of the main concepts involved in creating efficient empowering projects include the access of the community to information, as informed citizens make better development decisions. Accountability in the development process is another crucial aspect of an empowering approach. Increasing the capabilities of the poor specifically refers to local organisational capacity. This is when a community works together to mobilise resources and tackle problems as a group. This is another major process involved in community empowerment.

Overrepresentation Of Minority Students In Special Education Programs

Overrepresentation Of Minority Students In Special Education Programs Overrepresentation or disproportionality of minority students in special education programs is an ongoing problem that has plagued our nation for several decades. Overrepresentation can occur in many areas but is most prevalent when considering a students ethnicity. Disproportionality refers to the extent to which membership in a given à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ group affects the probability of being placed in a specific disability category (Oswald, Coutinho, Best, Singh, 1999, p. 198). For example, government reports have revealed that African American students constitute over 14% of the school-age population yet they represent 20% of the students placed in special education (Losen Orfield, 2002). Klinger et al., (2005) reported that African American students are twice as likely than White students to be labeled as mentally retarded, one time more likely to be labeled as learning disabled, and over one and half times as likely to have an emotional or behavioral disorder. Disproportionate representation of ethnic and racial minorities has historical connections to educational segregation and discrimination. Dunn (1968) first raised concerns about this issue in the sixties. He described the disproportionate number of minority students being labeled as mentally retarded and placed in self-contained classrooms which raised significant educational and civil right concerns. Ferri and Connor (2005) have also maintained that disproportionality has historical roots. After schools were integrated in 1954, following the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v. Board of Education, the number of African American students placed in special education programs increased. Students were being grouped or placed according to their academic ability. This practice resulted in many African American students being grouped together in low ability tracks and many were subsequently referred for special education services. Hence, over referring African American students for special education became another way to resegregate students of color. Some people would argue that placing a student in special education would greatly benefit the student because he or she would receive more individualized attention to address their disability and other needs. However, disproportionality often presents negative implications for minority students. Once African American students are identified as having a disability, deemed eligible for special education services, and placed in a special education setting; they are more like to remain in special education classes throughout their years in school. They are more likely to receive a watered down curriculum that is not as rigorous as the curriculum that the students in general education receives. These students are segregated from their general education peers when placed in more restrictive settings. Disabled students are often stigmatized and treated differently by other students in their schools. Lastly, to further exacerbate the problem, overrepresentation may also cause some students t o be misclassified or inappropriately identified as having a disability. Disproportionality is a complex problem that has been linked to multiple factors depending on the school and/or school district. Probable causes of disproportionality include psychometric test bias, socio-demographic factors, unequal opportunity in general education, and cultural mismatch between teacher and student (Skiba, et. al, 2008). Research has also suggested that bias at the prereferral stage of the special education eligibility process is a cause for disparity of African American students being placed in special education (Darley Gross, 1983). As a former special education teacher, I have participated in several meetings with a purpose of deciding which placement is appropriate for a student previously identified as having a disability. On several occasions, I have asked the referring general education teacher his or her reasons for referring the student for special education services and was surprised to receive such vague and potentially bias explanations. For example, on e teacher told me that she referred a student for behavioral issues because at times, he was stubborn and refused to do his work. Another teacher told me that she referred a student because he presented challenging behaviors such as talking out without permission and he often contradicted the teachers answers or explanations to the class which infuriated the teacher. When questioned further about the interventions used before referral, the teachers response were more ambiguous and peppered with a lack of knowledge of appropriate intervention strategies. The purpose of this study is to determine the personal characteristics of the general education teachers that have the greatest influence on their decision to refer minority students for special education. The study will address the following research questions through a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative research: To what extent if any, does a general education teachers years of experience, teaching level, training in classroom management and intervention strategies, education level, ethnicity, age, and gender impact disparity at the prereferral stage of the special education eligibility process? What impact does a general education teachers efficacy and perceptions of minority student characteristics bias their referral of minority students for special education services? What is the placement rate of the students being referred for special education services by the general education teachers? This study will focus on the students being referred for academic and/or behavioral issues because these are the main reasons why minority students are referred for special education services. As a result of this study, I hope to be able to extend the available literature on potential teacher bias during the prereferral stage of the special education process. My ultimate goal is to decrease the numbers of African American students being referred for special education services when the referral is not warranted or questionable. Conceptual Framework Disproportionality is a widespread problem that continues to affect minority students. Patterns of consistent disproportionality are evident and have been studied extensively for years. Oswald et al. (1999) examined the magnitude of overrepresentation by analyzing extant data from the 1992 Elementary and Secondary School Civil Rights Compliance Report to describe the extent of disproportionate representation of African American students labeled as seriously emotionally disturbed (SED) and mildly mentally retarded (MMR). They also wanted to determine the extent to which economic, demographic, and educational variables at the district level were associated with disproportional identification for this ethnic group. Zhang and Katsiyannis (2002) used data extracted from three federal government publications to find out whether or not there have been any recent improvements or changes in overrepresentation of minorities in special education. Although, there has been some debate concerning how disproportionality should be measured and the extent of the problem, overrepresentation continues to occur with no definitive causes. Researchers have also been unsuccessful in ident ifying real solutions to eradicate this phenomenon. Previous studies have examined many aspects of disproportionality including bias in problem solving and the social process of student study teams and teacher efficacy and student problem as factors in special education referral. Yet, research is somewhat limited and has mainly focused on the magnitude and possible causes of disproportionality. There appears to be a gap in the literature when examining personal factors that affect the general education teachers decision to refer a student for special educations services. This study will fill this gap by examining factors that influence referral and subsequently results in disparity. An in-depth analysis of teachers efficacy and perceptions of minority students will also be examined to determine if these factors impact disproportionality. The cognitive theory of social learning coined by Alfred Bandura will inform my approach to understanding the phenomena of disproportionality with regards to teacher efficacy. Teacher efficacy will be analyzing to determine its role in the prereferral stage of the special education process. I will examine the general education teachers belief that he or she may or may not be capable of bringing about desired changes in their students. Teacher efficacy will take account of two dimensions, judgments and personal beliefs. Disproportionality will also be approached from an ecological perspective framework to understand how special education referrals are influenced by personal characteristics of the referring teacher. The teacher factors that will be explored will also note the influence of ascriptive characteristics, characteristics that cannot be changed such as age, gender, ethnicity, etc., on disparity.

Life in the American Revolution :: Essays on American Revolution

On January 14, 1741, Benedict Arnold was born in Norwich, Connecticut. (B Arnold) Arnold’s father, also named Benedict, had a drinking problem and his mother Hannah often worried. (B Arnold) Arnold received his schooling at Canterbury. (B Arnold) While away at school, a few of Arnold’s siblings passed away from Yellow Fever. (B Arnold) Arnold was a troublesome kid that would try just about anything. (B Arnold) As a rebellious 14-year-old boy, he ran away from home to fight in the French and Indian War. (B Arnold) Later, Benedict Arnold deserted and returned home through the wilderness alone to work with his cousins. (B Arnold) The army had excused him without penalty because of his tender, young age. In 1762, when Benedict was just twenty-one years old, he went to New Haven, Connecticut where he managed a book and drug store and carried on trade with the West Indies. (B Arnold) In 1767, he married Margaret Mansfield, a daughter of a sheriff of New Haven County. (B Arnol d) They had three sons together. (B Arnold) When the Revolutionary War was just beginning to break out, Benedict Arnold became a prosperous ship owner, merchant, and trader. (Lake Champlain) Within days, Arnold became very interested in the war once again and joined the American Army. All of the battles Arnold commanded over showed immense courage and bravery, but he was soon known as America’s greatest traitor due to his betrayal of the American’s. As the Revolutionary War broke out, Benedict Arnold decided to volunteer to head over 1,000 men up to Maine. (Lake Champlain) He asked for additional men from his companies to join the army. Arnold then became a captain in the Connecticut Militia. General George Washington had his favorites, which Arnold was among the very few. (Macks 118) So, Benedict Arnold was sent on a infernal 500 mile march to Maine by Washington also known as "The Rock". (Macks 72, 118) There, he met up with General Richard Montgomery. (Mac ks 72) The relentless Benedict Arnold and only about fifty percent of his original soldiers made it to the St. Lawrence River where they met up with General Montgomery. (Macks 72) Their plan was to attack the British Army by surprise in Quebec City, Canada. (Lake Champlain and Macks 72) Both Montgomery and Arnold arranged to start on the lofty mountain sides of Quebec. (Macks 72) Arnold and his soldiers found themselves trapped by the British.

Husserl y la Crisis de la Cultura :: Spanish Essays

Husserl y la Crisis de la Cultura ABSTRACT: The topic of the crisis of culture has been common among philosophers whose thought developed during the beginning of the 20th century, and especially among those who lived through the hard times of the interwar period. Husserl was no exception. I intend in this paper a modest approach to the growth of this subject in the founder of phenomenology. I will attempt to: (1) delimit what Husserl meant by culture; (2) identify the reasons for the crisis of culture; and (3) find a solution to this crisis. La siguiente comunicacià ³n va a constar de tres secciones. En la primera, que se llevarà ¡ la parte del leà ³n, voy a tratar de acotar aquello que Husserl entiende por cultura tanto en su sentido descriptivo como normativo. En la segunda, veremos por quà © eso a lo que à ©l hace referencia con semejante tà ©rmino se halla, en su opinià ³n, en crisis. Por à ºltimo, y ya en una brevà ­sima tercera parte, se tratarà ¡ de dar cuenta del camino que al decir de Husserl es necesario emprender para buscar una salida a semejante situacià ³n de crisis cultural. 1. La doble definicià ³n husserliana de cultura: descripcià ³n y normatividad Creo que no es una mala estrategia a la hora de abordar quà © entiende Husserl por cultura, el comenzar por la biparticià ³n ontolà ³gica que hace del mundo en naturaleza (Natur) y espà ­ritu (Geist). Son muchos los lugares donde se nos habla profusamente de ello. Haciendo un resumen sumario del tema, podrà ­amos decir que el à ¡mbito de la naturaleza es el de las cosas materiales, el de los entes vistos desde la pura exterioridad espaciotemporal, siendo la ley en base a la cual se rigen la necesidad causal. En contraposicià ³n a ello, el mundo del espà ­ritu es aquel en el que lo esencial no viene dado por las relaciones exterior-causales que se dan entre los objetos, sino por la significatividad humana que conforma nuestro primer y primordial contacto con la realidad. Es decir, el mundo del espà ­ritu es el mundo del significado, del sentido, aquello que constituye propiamente nuestro cosmos y nos es dado, en primera instancia, como un regalo por nuestros antepasados. Seme jante mundo sà ³lo puede brotar del yo y su vida de conciencia o, mejor dicho, de un yo (no entro aquà ­ en la distincià ³n yo, hombre, persona, subjetividad trascendental) y una vida de conciencia que se encuentran siempre en constante interrelacià ³n con otros yoes.

Comparing My Dad and Me Essay -- Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing My Dad and Me In a world of over six billion people, what could be more boring than a bunch of look-alike clones? Everyone on this earth shares certain traits with others. Each person, though, shares more similarities with some people than with others. Strong similarities can be seen most frequently among family members, most likely because people in one family come from the same gene pool. My dad and I represent prime examples of people who share a lot in common. Regardless of how much we resemble each other, though, we are different people and always will be. Setting aside the physical differences between my dad and me – I am significantly taller but have a smaller build than he – quickly reveals our similarities. Though the majority of our shared traits come as a result of the fact that I received many of his genes, our most important similarity– our faith in and fervent love for our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ – does not exist in anyone’s genes. Rather, this comes exclusively from God. Every day my dad goes out and fixes garage doors. Working in people’s garages on a daily basis, he gets numerous opportunities to talk to people. Just about every day, my dad has a chance to share his faith with others. Not only does he deal honestly and fairly with his customers, he frequently talks to them about his belief in God and explains why Jesus died 2000 years ago – for them. Likewise, I often must defend my beliefs in school. In past English classes, we have had many debates on a great variety of moral issues and I have been able to give my stance on â€Å"the issues,† based on what the Bible, God’s Word, teaches. Hopefully, I will have additional opportunities in American Government class and possibly even in English.... ...I. He does not mind confronting people when they do something with which he does not agree. I have a more difficult time confronting people. When I do, so as not to anger them, I beat around the bush rather than telling them blatantly that they are wrong. While my dad and I are very similar even in such little things as our mannerisms, our similarities do not in any way, shape, or form make us the same person. No two people are the same, in spite of all their likenesses. If we were all exactly alike, what good would we be? If we all excelled in construction work and could build anything from a shed to a skyscraper, who would prepare food? If everyone cooked, who would treat the sick and injured? More fundamentally, who would make the equipment used for cooking? People identify us by who we are, by our differences – not by what we have in common with everyone else.

The price elasticity of demand ad supply

IntroductionThe rule of snap aid to understand how the market works. Elasticity varies among merchandises because some productsA may be more indispensable to the consumer. Merchandises that are necessities are more insensitive to monetary value alterations because consumers would go on purchasing these merchandises despite monetary value additions Conversely, a monetary value addition of a good or service that is considered less of a necessity will discourage more consumers because the chance cost of purchasing the merchandise will go excessively high. Sometimes a concern demands to hold a good thought of what portion of a demand curve looks like if it is to do good determinations. Suppose you are the proprietor of Rick ‘s Pizza.You are sing raising the monetary values by 10 per centum, and you wonder how the consumers will respond and what will go on to the grosss? The reply depends on how consumers will react. Will they cut back purchases a small or a batch? ( Robert Schenk, 2007 ) . In my sentiment I think it ‘s really of import to find the monetary value snap of demand. It help us to understand the market more clearly and besides do more exactly and efficient pricing determinations in given clip of period.PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDPrice snap of demand measures the consequence of monetary value alterations onA measure demanded. Peoples will purchase more goods at a lower monetary values and purchase less goods at a higher monetary values. For illustration, people might purchase several braces or several bundles of socks on sale alternatively of merely a brace. A individual with a higher income is thought to hold higher monetary value snap, since he can afford to pass more. However, even a consumer with low monetary value snap is normally willing to pay higher monetary values if there is a high demand of goods. . ( Tricia Ellis-Christensen and O. Wallace, 2010 ) . Demand remains changeless in malice of high monetary values in the status of no replacement. It ‘s besides true for gasolene and H2O which have a few or no replacements. demand was therefore considered inelastic. Normally, competition in the market place keeps monetary values lower and more flexible. Generic equivalents of certain points have lowered the demand for trade name name points, therefore take downing their monetary value. . ( Tricia Ellis-Christensen and O. Wallace, 2010 ) .Elasticity of demand can be quantified and be illustrated in a expression:Elasticity of demand The more sensitive clients are to monetary value, the larger in the monetary value snap of demand. In other words, a larger monetary value snap of demand indicates a merchandise whose demand is more elastic. In the short term demand is normally more inelastic because it takes clip to happen options. The monetary value snap of demand will be used to cipher merchandising monetary value that maximizes the net incomes of the company. + Demand is elastic if a alteration in monetary value leads to a bigger % alteration in demand, the monetary value snap of demand will hence be greater than 1. The undermentioned features of goods which are elastic tend to hold They are luxury goods They are expensive and a large per centum of income.For illustration, athleticss autos and vacations Goods with many replacements and a really competitory market. For illustration if Simsbury ‘s put up the monetary value of its staff of life there are many options, so people would be really sensitive to the monetary value They are bought often + Demand is inelastic if a alteration in monetary value leads to a smaller % alteration in demand ; the monetary value snap of demand will hence be less than 1. Goods which are inelastic tend to hold some or all of the undermentioned characteristics: They have few or no close replacements, for illustration: gasoline, coffin nails. They are necessities They are habit-forming They cost a little per centum of income or are bought infrequently Demand is unitary elastic if a alteration in monetary value have no consequence to a alteration in demand ; the monetary value snap of demand will be 1. ( Tricia Ellis-Christensen and O. Wallace, 2010 ) . There are many factor act uponing the monetary value snap of demand: 1. Number of close replacements within the market: The more ( and nearer ) possible replacements available in the market the more elastic demand will be in response to a alteration in monetary value. In this instance, the permutation consequence will be rather strong. 2. Degree of luxuries or necessities: luxury goods and services tend to hold greater snap whereas necessities tend to be more inelastic. 3. Percentage of income spent on a good: merchandises necessitating a larger part of the consumer ‘s income tend to hold greater snap. 4. Habit organizing goods – Goods such as coffin nails and drugs tend to be inelastic in demand. They have habitually consumed and have a small consequence on the monetary value alterations. 5. Time period under consideration – Demand tends to be more elastic in the long tally because consumers have more clip to set their behaviour to the monetary value alterations ( 2007 ) .PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLYPrice snap of supply measures the consequence of monetary value alterations onA measure supplied. Peoples will offer more goods at a higher monetary values and offer more goods at a lower monetary values. The expression for the monetary value snap of supply is: Elasticity of supply = Percentage alteration in measure supplied / Percentage alteration in monetary value ( Mike Moffatt, 2009 ) . Factors that Affect Price Elasticity of Supply: + Spare production capacity If there is plentifulness of trim capacity so a concern should be able to increase its end product without a rise in costs and hence supply will be elastic in response to a alteration in demand. The supply of goods and services is frequently most elastic in a recession, when there is plentifulness of trim labor and capital resources available to step up end product as the economic system recovers. + Stocks of finished merchandises and constituents If stocks of natural stuffs and finished merchandises are at a high degree so a house is able to react to a alteration in demand rapidly by providing these stocks onto the market – supply will be elastic and frailty versa. + The easiness and cost of factor permutation If both capital and labour resources are occupationally nomadic so the snap of supply for a merchandise is higher than if capital and labor can non easy and rapidly be switched + Time period involved in the production procedure Supply is more monetary value elastic the longer the clip period that a house is allowed to set its production degrees ( 2007 ) .MARKETS AND ADJUSTMENT OVER TIMEPrice outlooks and guess:Look at two graphs above, we can see that monetary values ever change, they do non remain at the same. They can travel up or come down. Due to monetary values be given to alter in the hereafter, it will impact on the demand and supply now. For illustration, it is now, iPhone 3GS have merely look, you are believing of purchasing a new iPhone 3GS, you might to make up one's mind to wait until the monetary value of iPhone 3GS autumn somewhat when iPhone 4G is sold on the market. On the other manus, if the monetary value of iPhone 3GS come down in the short tally, you might good purchase it now because they fear that the monetary value will hold gone up by so. When people believe that the monetary value will travel up, it causes them to purchase now, in contrast, when people believe that the monetary valu e will come down, it causes them to wait. For marketer, if they are believing of selling their stocks, while monetary values are falling, they will desire to sell it every bit shortly as possible. On the other manus, if monetary values are lifting bit by bit, they will desire to maintain it every bit long as possible in order to acquire the best monetary value. Thus a belief that the monetary value will travel up or come down will do people to sell or wait. Guess is the behaviour of looking into monetary value in the hereafter and impacting purchasing and merchandising determinations based on their expectancies. Guess is applied in many markets such as the stock exchange, the foreign exchange market, the gold market and the lodging market, ECT. Harmonizing to John Sloman, guess can either support to cut down monetary value fluctuations or do them acquire worse: it can be stabilising or destabilizing.Stabilizing guess:When providers and demanders believe that a alteration in monetary value occurs merely in short tally, guess wil tend to hold a stabilising consequence on monetary value fluctuations. For case, an addition in demand is the ground why monetary value rise. In the graph above, demand has shifted from D1 to D2. Equilibrium has moved from point a to B, monetary value has increased from P1 to P2. Peoples believe that monetary value will lift merely in impermanent, before monetary value autumn once more, providers bring their goods to market now. Therefore displacements from S1 to S2. In contrast, demanders will wait until monetary value does fall once more. Demand displacements from D2 to D3. The equilibrium moves to indicate degree Celsius, and monetary value falling to P3. ( Sloman 2007, p69 )Destabilizing guess:When providers and demanders believe that a alteration in monetary value outlooks similar alterations to come, guess will be given to hold a destabilizing consequence on monetary value fluctuations. For illustration, an addition in demand is the ground why the monetary value does lift. In the graph, demand curve has moved from D1 to D2, monetary value has risen from P1 to P2. In this clip, monetary value have tend to lift, providers want to wait until the monetary value rise further. Therefore, supply moves from S1 to S2. In contrast with providers, demanders buy now before a rise in monetary value is higher. Demand move from D2 to D3 and monetary value rise to P3. ( Sloman 2007, p69 )Market WHERE PRICES ARE CONTROLLEDEquilibrium means a province carnival or a province of balance between market demand and supply. Without a alteration in demand and / or would supply no alteration in market value. In the diagram above, demand and supply at monetary value P1 is equal. At any monetary value above P1, supply exceeds demand and at a monetary value below P1, demand exceeded supply. In other words, the monetary value where supply and demand are out of balance points is called disequilib rium. ( Jacks, John,2007, p57 ) Changes in the conditions of demand or supply alterations on demand or supply curves. This will do alterations in the equilibrium monetary value and measure in the market Price floor is a legal lower limit on the monetary value at which a good can be sold. Price ceiling is a legal upper limit on the monetary value at which a good can be sold.Minimal Price ( Price floor ) :An uneffective monetary value floor, below equilibrium monetary value. A monetary value floor can be set above the free-market equilibrium monetary value. In the graph above, monetary value floor set below the free-market monetary value. In this instance, the floor has no practical consequence. The authorities has mandated a minimal monetary value, but the market already bears a higher monetary value. An effectual monetary value floor, doing a excess ( supply exceeds demand ) . Conversely, in the graph Monday, dashed green line represents a monetary value floor placed on the free market monetary value. In this instance, the floor monetary value is a mensurable impact on the market. It certain monetary values stay high for the merchandise can go on to be made. ( Jackson, John, 2007, p84 )Consequence on the marketA monetary value floor set above the equilibrium monetary value the market has some side effects. Consumers now find they must pay higher monetary values for the same merchandise. The consequence, they cut down their purchases or bead out of the market wholly. Meanwhile, sellers are certain to happen a new higher monetary value before they were charged. As a consequence, they increase production. Taken together, these effects mean there is now an extra supply ( known as a excess ) of the merchandise in the market. To keep the monetary value floor over the long term, the authorities may necessitate to take action to take it.Minimal payA historical and current illustration of the floor monetary value is the minimal pay jurisprudence, the jurisprudence specifies the lowest rewards a company can pay an employee ( employees are providers of labour and company as a consumer ) . When the lower limit pay is set higher than the equilibrium market monetary value for unskilled labour, unemployment is created because many people are looking for occupations than there are occupations available. A minimal pay above the equilibrium pay will do employers hired fewer workers every bit good as doing more people to come in the labour market, ensuing in a excess in the sum of labour available. Workers a pay equilibrium will depend on the employee ‘s accomplishments with market conditions. ( Robert 2006, p262 ) For illustration: This is common in agribusiness. Often the authorities wants to keep high monetary values of agricultural trade goods to maintain a big figure of husbandmans working. To restrict redundancy, nevertheless, authoritiess frequently must pay some husbandmans non to works harvests, which may be known as a subsidy cheque.Maximal Price ( Price ceiling ) :A monetary value ceiling set below the market monetary value of freedom is more effectual. Suppliers find they can non be responsible for what they were. As a consequence, some providers drop out of the market. This decreased supply. Meanwhile, consumers find they can now purchase merchandises for less, so demand additions. Two causes of action exceed the supply demand, which causes a deficiency of distribution-unless the consumer or other controls are enforced. It can besides take to other signifiers of non monetary value competition to provide can run into demand. ( Jackson, John, 2007, p83 ) Reduced Quality To provide demand in lawful rates, the most obvious attack is lower cost. However, in most instances, lower costs mean lower quality. During World War II, for illustration, the nutrient operation by cut downing the size of the ceiling and used cheaper stuffs ( e.g. , fat, flour, etc. ) . It can besides be seen in the care of decrease of rent-controlled flat Some bookmans, nevertheless, suspect that one set monetary value ceilings drive quality down in instance of a monopoly. They argue that with few viing companies lower the ceiling, a company ‘s low-end market must happen ways to accomplish better quality without increasing cost.Black MarketGoods purchased illicitly take one of two rates: They may be cheaper than the legal market. Suppliers do non hold to pay for production costs or revenue enhancements. This is normally the instance in the belowground economic system. Criminals to steal goods and sell them under the legal market monetary value, but no grosss, warrants, and so on. They may be more expensive than legal market monetary values. This merchandise is hard to obtain or bring forth, unsafe to manage or non easy available lawfully, if at all. If goods are illegal, such as certain drugs, their monetary values can be immensely higher production costs. Black markets can organize portion of the commercial boundary line near the boundary line of neighbouring legal powers surround control with small or negligible if there are different revenue enhancement rates, or in instances where goods are steps on one side of the boundary line but non on others. Merchandises like these are frequently smuggled, including intoxicant and baccy. However, all boundary line trade is non illegal. ( Jackson, John, 2007, p84 )CAUSE THE REAL ESTATE MARKET OF VIET NAMAs we know, each state ‘s population is increasing. In Viet Nam, the one-year population addition of about 1,1 million people. While land resources are limited. Therefore, the demand of existent estate market is increasing and people need to happen a comfy adjustment, modern substructure and peaceable life environment. This is chief ground to consequence of existent estate Market in Viet Nam. Typical is the cardinal issue of existent estate market in Ho Chi Minh metropolis and we are trav eling to happen out the grounds. Price Expectation and Destabilizing guess The grounds stated on the description of the existent estate should be investors expect the monetary value is ever increasing in the hereafter so they want to wait the best monetary value and best net income. This is the ground to do of the febrility in existent estate from 2007 to 2009.What cause â€Å" Fever †There are three basic cause taking febrility in existent estate market. First, Viet Nam ‘s population increased about 1,1 million people and income of about people to high accelerated and to do demand of house to increase. Second, at the stock market. Stock monetary value Index after day of the month of 6 August 2007 was 883,9 point and to lift well over 1,100 point on 3 October 2007 so investors has boosted gross revenues and many investing financess have been net income for over a month. Then they were intended to travel capital investing into existent estate market. Last of all, lodging policies for abroad Vietnamese and aliens were committed more unfastened and about of Bankss create were chance of borrows in existent estate for investing. ( vnEconomy 2007 ) As a consequence, there were strong guesss for investing or provider in existent estate since 2007. â€Å" The fact that, land and house in urban countries like The Manor and Phu My Hung are lifting â€Å" febrility † and â€Å" combustion in † . Owner or investors, who still need a great bought. The individual who populating The Manor said, types of flats from 106-206 M2, invitees were wanted. This type of apartment sale monetary value had increased by 50 % -60 % up from 1000 USD/m2 to 1,650 USD/m2 † ( VnEconomy 2007 ) With the fact merely mentioned, the existent estate is ever unstable and tends to travel up strong demand and provide support to each other. Covering with uncertainly and hazard Because about of Banks have easy loans in existent estate from 2007 to 2008. Therefore, it made the State Bank of Viet Nam has issued directives 10259/ NHNN- CSTT to limited rising prices on the existent estate market and recognition loaners and get downing execution since 2008 ( sbv.gov. neodymium ) Furthermore, entire capital investing Bankss in existent estate in 2009, was about 166,500 billion VND to about 9, 10 billion USD ( 18,279 VND exchange rate/ USD ) Ho Chi Minh metropolis has approximately 51 % the belongings outstanding and Ha Noi capital has approximately 15 % .That is the grounds the authorities made the determination to cover with uncertainness and hazard when the existent estate is in the febrility period ( Doanh nhan 360, 2009 ) In we view of existent estate market is immense net income and market chance for participle investors. So it has created a moving ridge of guess and monetary value outlook of speculator. Besides that, the factors of population growing. There are easiness for Bankss ‘ loan in existent estate market and lodging policy for abroad Vietnamese and aliens have formed a new market supply and demand monetary value in the belongings market in Viet Nam today.DecisionElasticity refers to the reaction or response of the consumers to alter in monetary values of goods and services. Elasticity of demand besides may depend on the comparative alteration in measure and monetary value. Buyers may be given to cut down their purchases as monetary value additions, and tend to increase their purchases when monetary value lessenings. The alteration in monetary value is non the lone factor that may alter the reaction of consumers. The nature of the merchandise ( similarity to what he uses ) and the pecu liar demands of the consumer ( whether of import or non ) may besides impact the alteration in the reaction or response of consumer. Demand may be elastic or inelastic. Demand is likely to be elastic when: privation is non pressing, close replacements are available, goods is lasting or repairable, goods has multiple utilizations. On the other manus, demand is likely to be inelastic when: privation is pressing, good replacements are unavailable, wanted jointly with some complementary point. ( Anna C. Bocar, 2008 ) The monetary value snap of supply reflects the jurisprudence of supply relation between monetary value and measure. An elastic supply means that the measure supplied is comparatively antiphonal to alterations in monetary value. An inelastic supply means that the measure supplied is non really antiphonal to alterations in monetary value. Harmonizing to the jurisprudence of supply, higher supply monetary values are related to larger measures supplied. As such, the numerator and denominator of this expression ever have the same marks — if one is positive, the other is besides positive. If the supply monetary value additions and the per centum alteration in monetary value is positive, so the measure supplied additions and the per centum alteration in measure supplied is besides positive. When calculated, the monetary value snap of supply, hence, is ever positive. There are four chief factors that influence the Foot: Spare production capacity, Stocks of finished merchandises and constituents, The easiness and cost of factor permutation, Time period involved in the production procedure. ( Pepijn van Eck, 2009 )