Characteristics And Backgrounds Of Serial Killers Essay

Serial killers can be hiding behind the smiles of your neighbors, grocers, and the most unexpected individuals. According to Boschken (2014), a serial killer is an individual that has committed three or more murders over a month without a large gap between murders. Several different characteristics and backgrounds make up a serial killer. Studies have shown that an individual’s background can give insight into the victims and the offender’s relationship to the victims. Serial killers can also be classified into many different categories ranging from if the killing was planned or spontaneous to the mental reasoning for the crime. Professionals have also created a category for dedicated and habitual offenders. This paper examines the characteristics and backgrounds of serial killers, the different categories of killers, and the way crimes and the offenders are organized. Origin â€Å"The foundation for a serial killer is usually laid down in their early life experiences during childhood with harsh childhood punishment and discipline† (Dalal, Aggarwal, Bhullar, Sharma, 2009, p. 111). According to studies made by Dalal et al (2009), individuals that grow up in homes where alcohol and drugs are abused, and the child is emotionally scarred or physically harmed are likely candidates to become a serial killer than others who come from stable, loving homes. Other experts have also agreed with this theory that a traumatic home life can produce a serial killer. One hypothesis individualsShow MoreRelatedA Serial Killers Characteristics Begin at Childhood800 Words   |  3 PagesChildhood Characteristic of Serial killers The basic definition of Serial Killers are that it is a group of people who’s work is just to kill, kill and kill innocent people over a longer period of time without being wedged or bunged. They are not like mass murderers, who may kill many people at one time - majority of the time because of circumstantial behavior. Serial Killers are completely a different from traditional or mass murderers they always make a proper plan and they are very specificRead MoreSerial Killers Statistics : Serial Killer Statistics Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesNovember 23). Serial killer statistics. Retrieved July 28, 2016 fromhttp://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Serial%20Killer%20Information%20Center/Serial%20Killer%20Statistics.pdf This article covers serial killers statistics. Many table reports are illustrated with the sole purpose to demonstrate accurate information about serial killers. The tables indicate the frequency (by decade) and the number of separate serial killers operating in any given year in the USA. Beasley II, J. O. (2004). Serial Murder inRead MoreSerial Killers Speech1533 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience about Serial Killers. 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Eric Hickey (2012) in â€Å"Serial Killers: Defining Serial Murder† defines what a serial killer is exactlyRead MoreSerial Killers : A Serial Killer Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesCrimes and criminals define not only places, but certain time periods. Serial killers are usually the ones that individuals tend to remember the most. An individual is considered a serial killer when they murder three or more individuals during a period of time with a cooling off period between each crime (Frailing Harper, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to discuss one of the most controversial and yet famous serial killer, Theodore Robert Bundy. Something interesting that attracts the attentionRead MoreSerial Killers: Are They Born Or Made?. There Are Multiple1230 Words   |  5 PagesSerial Killers: Are They Born or Made? There are multiple theories as to why or how a person can become a serial killer. A serial killer can be a person who murders at least three or more people over a long period of time (Ramsland). Are serial killers born with the need to kill or is it a result of a horrific childhood? These two concepts are associated with the nature vs. nurture theory. â€Å"People on the side of nurture are of the opinion that our environment determines who a person is and becomes†Read MoreCharacteristics of Criminal Offenders810 Words   |  3 PagesCharacteristics of Offenders One of many studies that gave way to the argument that criminal behaviors can be passed down throughout generations was performed by Henry Herbert Goddard’s (The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness) a psychologist who study the mental retardation (Forman, J., 1985). Goddard study 1912 reportedly proved that intelligence was hereditary of Feeble-Mindedness. He believed that if ones lack of ability to make sound decisions for oneself; havingRead MoreSerial Killers And The Serial Killer1080 Words   |  5 Pageshelp? This was the technique one of the most infamous serial killer Ted Bundy used to approach his victims and ultimately murder them. B. Background and Audience Relevance: Today, I will be speaking to you about serial killers. C. Speaker Credibility: I decided to do my topic on serial killers because, criminology is something I’m genuinely interested in and would like to learn more about it myself. D. Thesis: By learning about serial killers, hopefully in the future they can be captured fasterRead MoreThe Is The Scientific Study Of Mental Disorders Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesPsychopaths can be defined or determined by many different characteristics, and there are many sub categories to psychopaths, however more often than not psychopaths have common beginnings. Although most psychopaths have common beginnings, police still don’t profile or find psychopaths using efficacy. Psychopathology is the scientific study of mental disorders. A psychopath is a person suffering from a chronic mental disorder with violent social behavior. Psychopaths lack conscience and feelingsRead MoreChild Development: Heredity and Environment1240 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment, is defined as various external or environmental factors one is exposed to which can be more specifically broken down into social and physical aspects. Nature, itself broken down into heredity, is defined as the genetics and the individual characteristics in one’s personality or even human nature. Beginning at the influential ages of six to eight when children are meant to be exposed to caretakers that meet all their needs, mentally, physically, emotionally, and educationally, some are left

A Resident Of South Africa - 842 Words

An individual who is not â€Å"ordinarily resident† in South Africa can still be a resident of South Africa provided that person meets the requirements of the â€Å"physical presence test† (Stiglingh, Koekemoer, Van Schalkwyk, Wilcocks e Swardt.2012:51). With the physical presence test, with which a natural person, who is not at any time ordinarily resident in the Republic of South Africa during the relevant year of assessment, must comply before that person will be a â€Å"resident† as defined in section 1. This can further be elaborated by Interpretation Note 4 dated 4 February 2004. The physical presence test, also known as the â€Å"day test† or â€Å"time rule†, is based on the number of days that a natural person is physically present in the Republic. The purpose or nature of the visit is irrelevant. It must be determined annually whether all the requirements of the physical presence test have been met. Paragraph (a) (ii) of the definition of a â€Å"resident† in section 1(1) of the Income Tax Act refers to a natural person who is not at any time during the relevant year of assessment ordinarily resident in the Republic. The ‘ordinarily residence’ test supersedes the physical presence test. The physical presence test is thus not applicable during any year of assessment that a person is ordinarily resident in the Republic. In terms of section 1 paragraph (a) of the Income Tax Act, for an individual to be physically present in South Africa during a year of assessment, the person must be present inShow MoreRelatedThe Tax System Of South Africa1507 Words   |  7 Pagesbusiness in South Africa to support the operation of its country. 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Even though the novel centers on John Kumalo and his struggling family, it subtly shows the social going ons of South Africa supposedly in 1948, when the book was written. Strong examples of this come across in the choral chapters of the novel. These chapters give voice to the people of South Africa. Chapter nine shows the struggles of being black during apartheid, chapter 12 shows the whiteRead MoreThe Moral Responsibilities of Multinational Corporations (MNCs)1617 Words   |  7 Pagescorporation cannot simply make a profit and deplete natural and human resources; it needs to give back to that country and its communities. Under South Africas apartheid government, the Black majority was not given the same opportunities to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness as the White minority was. In fact, the Prime Minister of South Africa, John Vorster, made the statement that â€Å"We are building a nation for whites only. 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Human rights of South African natives were violated when a racial segregation system, called Apartheid, based upon skin color was established by the South African government. Although there were various international responses, the actions of such groups as the African National Congress displayed

Role of Memory and Situational Awareness in Firefighters Job

Question: Write about theRole of Memory and Situational Awareness in Firefighters Job. Answer: Success in the firefighters mission is determined by the decisions taken once they arrive at the scene of the accident if all other factors are constant. As such, their expertise and awareness of the particular incidence based on prior experience plays an important role in enhancing the efficiency of the job they conduct. Consequently, it is wise for the commander to include experienced workers in every mission because assigning only new recruits to a rescue may cause failure. In unpredictable situations, the decisions are made after a series of considerations in order to decide the most efficient means of execution (Templer Choo, 2017). Complex careers require ample training, not just in theory but also the practical aspect where the tangible expertise is gained (van den Bosch, Harbers Heuvelink, 2009). They insist that as much as a person may be exposed to all possible levels of class training, without the field experience they cannot be expected to translate it into the action. As such, it is only in the field where once they have experienced a situation, the second time the same is encountered it is much easier to handle. For instance, where building plans have only been seen on paper, interpreting the same in the actual venue might be difficult. On the contrary, an individual who first handled the situation in the field might be more informed even when they are not familiar with the same details in writing. However, this is not to mean either theory or the field-work is less important but rather both fields should complement each other for the overall results. Dijkstra, Plight, and Kleef (2013) claim that experts are able to make informed decisions as compared to their less knowledgeable counterparts due to the various situations they have assessed in the past. Additionally, they are able to predict exactly what a particular option might lead to hence are able to support their choices with reasons. On the contrary, a beginner in a similar case would be guessing or following their intuition as to which strategy would most likely yield the best results (Dijkstra, Plight Kleef 2013). Based on the argument that they have no particular explanation as to why they prefer the course of action they recommend, there is the likelihood that it might be informed by emotions and may be fatal in this sensitive field. They also insist that on vital matters such as firefighting, the instinct about the best course of action with a greater probability of success develops and get polished with time and practice. Templer and Choo (2017) claimed that memory is essential in triggering a response from an individual such that if an occurrence is familiar, the response is triggered immediately. Consequently, humans perceive the activities they have previously engaged in as easy while those they lack experience in is automatically considered difficult despite the fact on the ground which might be contrary. As such, the strange situations take time to figure out and subsequently formulate a strategy to solve them. In addition, Templer and Choo (2017) insist that similar occurrences are grouped together by the human mind. Therefore, when firefighters come across an accident or a building similar to another one they have attended to previously, the time that is taken to put a fire out and save people will be relatively shorter than when they were unaware of the venue design and plan. The brain is responsible for storing memory, where individuals keep the knowledge and data they have experienced on specific issues (Templer Choo 2017). From the stored information, a person is able to make use of the necessary resources based on what they are practicing. Hence, if the workers in the fire department were not able to remember procedures and specific events, in relation to their work, their careers would be in-existent. Regardless of having engaged in an activity for a long time, if one is unable to figure out what the practice entails make them similar to civilians who have never been part of the program hence cannot be given the responsibility of the sensitive docket. The brain is the essential part that is responsible for analyzing the situation at hand based on previous experience as well as coming up with several methods that can be practically used to fix the problem. Klein and Clinton-Cirocco (2010) insist that an essential aspects of fire brigade mission is to be essentially aware of the specific situation it in the venue of the incident. It may involve determining issues such as the specific points to put the hoses on a building or analyze the possible areas of expansion of fire and stop the spread (Klein Clinton-Cirocco). In addition, they indicated that situational awareness should be carried out in the shortest time possible hence the need for the experts in the mission since they are able to understand these situations faster from experience. Also, the workers are able to take care of their safety by strategic positioning as they carry out their duty to avoid getting caught in the flames. Li et al (2014) claimed that fire break-out require the individuals present in the building to be essentially aware of the site such that they are able to escape before the fire gets out of control. As such, they ought to be aware of the emergency exits, as well as mechanisms of using the equipment within the premises that can slow down the speed of spread. The firefighters should be able to quickly assess the intensity and the rate at which the fire is growing so that they are able to reduce the same. Therefore, for the developers to keep their buildings fire-secure, they ought to place measures to detect accidents. Consequently, the fire brigades should be aware of the specific equipment such as cameras that they can view after arrival at the scene to determine where the fire started and analyze its trend. Investing in security awareness training for the general public would enhance their situational awareness to help the professionals assist them. References Dijkstra, K. A., Plight, J., Kleef, G. A. (2013). Deliberation versus intuition: Decomposing the role of expertise in judgment and decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 26(3), 285-294. Klein, G., Calderwood, R., Clinton-Cirocco, A. (2010). Rapid decision making on the fire ground: The original study plus a postscript. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 4(3), 186-209. Li, N., Yang, Z., Ghahramani, A., Becerik-Geber, B., Soibelman, L. (2014). Situational awareness for supporting building fire emergency response: Information needs, information sources and implementation requirements. Fire safety journal, 63, 17-28. Templer, K., Choo, M. (2017). Psy 357 human factors psychology (v2.1 ed.). Singapore, Singapore: Singapore university of social sciences. Van den Bosch, K., Harbers, M., Heuvelink, A., Van Doesburg, W. (2009). Intelligent agents for training on-board firefighting. Digital Human Modelling, 463-472

Iroquois Nation free essay sample

Iroquois League (Truer, 2013; Weatherboard, 2010). The purpose of this alliance was to develop peace and maintain stability between the various tribe members (Truer, 2013). These goals were achieved by instituting the Awakener (Great Law of Peace) (Weatherboard, 2010). The Awakener contained many laws and guidelines that each tribal nation needed to abide by but it also contained two unique features. The first of these unique features is that each nation could enter into their own separate alliances outside of the League.As tribal demands for European goods increased, individual League Nations entered into alliances with both the Dutch and French explorers and settlers (Johnson, 2013). The second unique feature Of the Awakener was that it did not restrict how many tribes could join. At any point in time the League could vote to admit new members which occurred in 1 722 when the League voted and accepted the Tuscarawas tribe into their organization (Ibid). In the end the League was comprised of six different nations, the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca (Ray, 2011) and Tuscarawas (Weatherboard, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Iroquois Nation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although each Nation in the League had its own tribal name, language, and story however all six nations were collectively known as the Heterogeneousness (People of the Longhouse) (Wright, 2003). The League was presided over by a group of male tribe members voted in by the females of their clans. In the European language this group of men were referred to as Confederacy Chiefs but within the Six Nations they were called the Rottenness (the Beloved Ones) or Peace Chiefs (Johnson, 2013). Sitting on the council was a total of fifty hereditary chiefs (sachems) who were appointed to the League since the day it was formed.When the League nuncio is broken down into individual tribes the council holds the following configuration; 10 Cayuga, 8 Seneca, 9 Mohawk, 14 Onondaga and 9 Oneidas (Ibid). Prior to the Revolution the Oneidas not only represented themselves on the council but they also acted as the voice for the Tuscarawas Nation as well since they had sponsored them into the League. Following the Revolution, the League added an additional 13 seats to the council for the Tuscarawas tribe (Ibid). It is clear from looking at the tribal council that numbers varied in how many war ch iefs represented each tribe. It has been suggested that this variation occurred because over time clans died out or they got so small they were folded into larger clans like occurred with the Huron between the year of 1649 to 1 656 (Ibid). Iroquois and European settlers have compared the Iroquois Confederacy to that of a Longhouse. This longhouse was divided into five different sections with the SÃ ©ances in the west and the Mohawk in the east. These two tribes were said to be the keepers of the doors. The two tribes were thus placed in the role of being responsible for the defenses Of the Iroquois Confederacy.The Onondaga sat n the middle of the Longhouse and were responsible for tending the fire (symbolized the government). The final two tribes spoken of in the Longhouse analogy were the Oneida and Cayuga tribes who were viewed as the younger brothers of the Confederacy (Wright, 2003). The analogy of the Longhouse made it easier for outsiders (e. G. Europeans, other tribes) to understand how the Iroquois Confederacy operated. The Iroquois Confederacy proved to be such a formidable union that in 1 744 Conestoga, Onondaga sachem suggested that the American colonies unify in the same manner (Wright, 2003).In fact during Canoeists speech, a thirty eightieth old writer, printer and philosopher wrote about the impact of this remarkable mans speech saying: It would be a very strange thing if Six Nations of ignorant savages should be capable of forming a scheme for such a union, and be able to execute it in such a manner as that it has subsisted ages, and appears indissoluble; and yet that a like union should be impracticable for ten or a dozen English Colonies. (Wright, 2003; peg. 16) This writer was Benjamin Franklin, later known as the co-author of the American Constitution as well as he inventor of the lightning rod (Wright, 2003). Unlike other cultures who trace their linage through patrimonial (fathers) line, Aboriginal tribes traced their linage through the matrilineal (mothers) line (Johnson, 2013; Thomas 2000; Weatherboard, 201 0; Truer, 2013). Tracing the linage through the matrilineal lines left the women of the tribes in positions of great reverence and power (Truer, 2013) which was not just witnessed within the family but the community as a whole.For example, women not only had the power to vote in the League Chief for their tribe (Johnson, 2013) but they also had the rower to remove these individuals from their Chiefdom if they were deemed to act improper or because they had lost the confidence of their electorates (Weatherboard, 2010). Matrilineal lines also shaped the composition of tribal villages. The linage in conjunction with other fireside nuclear families are residing in one longhouse worked to create the close knit foundation for each tribal village (Ray, 201 1).The thirty to fifty longhouse s located in each village worked to join the community together as a whole (Truer, 2013). Once again presiding over the community were the oldest female tribal members who ere also responsible for watching over their families as well (Ray, 2011 Watching over their family was no small thing for these elderly women since it was not uncommon for most longhouses to have forty to a hundred family members residing there at any point in time (Wright, 2003). Such a high number of family members living together was not rare because in the Iroquois culture the female children did not leave their family longhouse.It is in this longhouse that the young couple will live out their lives raising not only their children but their grandchildren and great grandchildren as well. Any male children will remain in their family longhouse until he marries, however because inter- clan marriage was strictly forbidden in the Iroquois Nation (Johnson, 2013). Marriage meant that male children not only left their families but their villages as well. When leaving their family and village behind these young men were only permitted to take with them their personal possessions, weapons and clothing (Thomas, 2000).This was because all other items in the home and village were the possessions of the women, this included the family longhouse (Ibid). Iroquois villages did not move with the seasons nor did they move around or hunting, rather Iroquois villages stayed o n the land until they needed new fertile land or because they were forced to move by the government and military. When these required moves were undertaken the villages were located near a small lake or a river so that the villagers had easy access to drinking water Monsoons, 2013).The next step for setting up the new village is to protect it from attack. For the Iroquois this meant surrounding the village with a stockade as well as ditches and ramparts (Wright, 2003). The stockade will be large in size because it surrounds the thirty to fifty longhouses squired by the community. These protective measures are especially important because it was not uncommon for the men of the village to be gone for days, weeks, or months at a time due to hunting, trading or warring (Thomas, 2000).Since the Iroquois lifestyle required male villagers to be gone for long periods of time the daily running of the village was left in the hands of the female villagers. This meant that the women were not only caring for their children but also the elderly, sick, and injured. The women also split their time between maintaining the village fields as well as gathering wild foods (e. G. Outs, berries, roots, fungi and fruits) (Johnson, 2013). In the life of the Iroquois the produce (e. G. Ron, beans, squash) grown in the village fields accounted for fifty to seventy-five percent of the villagers caloric intake (Ray, 2011 Due to the villagers dependency on these items in their diets, the clans women spent a great deal of time planting, weeding and harvesting the village fields which could consist of up to one hundred acres of land for a new village ( Thomas, 2000). In conjunction with the produce harvested and gathered by the village Women the Iroquois diet also consisted of the meat (e. . Bison, deer, bear, raccoon, porcupine, marten, etc. ) hunted and fished for by the male members of the village (Johnson, 2013).Fishing took place between spring and summer generally ending at the start of harvest time while the hunting began at the end of harvesting time and into mid-winter (Ibid). Hunting done by the Iroquois not only provided families with food but furs for warm clothing as well. When the tribes found themselves sitting with surpluses they would work to trade them with not only other tribes but European settlers as well. By the beginning of the 17th century the Iroquois rib found themselves fully immersed in the fur trade with the European settlers (Johnson, 2013). As demands for furs increased with the Europeans so did the Iroquois demands for European goods (Ibid). This supply and demand cycle led to the scarcity of certain animals (e. G. Beavers) in some areas (e. G. Between Hudson and Geneses) while at other times it led to brattle wars between the Iroquois and other Native tribes (Herons and Patens 1649-1650, Neutrals 1650-1651, Aeries 1654-1656) (Ibid). The culmination of these various wars have now become known as the Beaver Wars. The purpose of these attacks was to gain more hunting grounds and ultimately increase their trade with the Europeans (Ibid).In the end, trading benefited both the Iroquois and the settlers especially during periods of food shortages. During these periods of time trading partners could turn to one another for help either with food or other necessary items. The Iroquois tribe by itself was neither strong nor large however once they aligned themselves with five other tribes they became both larger and more powerful only out sized by the Cree. TO maintain peace and stability wrought their nation they came together as a unit and devised the Confederacy with input from all the individual tribes within the newly formed nation.

Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay Example

Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay Example Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay â€Å"Domestic violence is the most ubiquitous constant in women’s lives around the world. There is virtually no place where it is not a significant problem, and women of no race, class, or age are exempt from its reach† -Joni Seager Abstract: Domestic violence against women is a social problem that occurs in nearly every corner of the world. Recently, some states have begun to recognize that women must be protected from abuse by family members and intimates. While policies and practices designed to protect women have emerged in a number of countries, many lag behind on the issue. This paper will examine the causal factors behind the variation in protection for women. The literature on women and politics suggests that women’s representation may increase the level of protection against domestic violence because female legislators are more likely to put women’s issues on the agenda and make policy choices that benefit their sex. Alternatively, the culture of a state may determine whether the society supports rights for women, including protection from domestic violence. A variety of statistics indicating women’s representation and culture were gathered for analysis. Using bi variate correlation and multiple regression, the theories were tested against each other in an attempt to determine the cause of variation in levels of protection. The findings suggest that both women’s representation and culture are significantly correlated to level of protection. Because the number of women in elected office influences protection to a greater extent than culture, improving women’s representation appears to be an important factor in fighting the domestic violence problem. THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PROBLEM Across the world, women are beaten, tortured, mentally abused, burned, and killed by their intimate relations on a regular basis. Domestic violence is defined as abuse between family members, but for the context of this paper I am specifically referring to abuse against women. Until relatively recently, uthorities in many states have ignored or even condoned this type of violence. For example, the phrase â€Å"rule of thumb† comes from Anglo-American common law a husband was permitted to strike his wife with a stick as long as it was no wider than his thumb (Straus and Gelles 1986). In some cultures, domestic violence remains an acceptable means for a husband to discipline his wife. Why do such abhorrent acts occur and why have the y gone unpunished? Experts generally agree that domestic violence is used to keep women in a subordinate position within the household (Seager, 2003; Straus and Gelles, 1986). Men use physical abuse against women in order to ‘keep them in their place’ to exert their power as the dominant figure in the household. Historically, domestic violence has been considered a private matter, a problem between a man and his wife that the state need not become involved in (Abrar and Lovenduski, 2002; Bush, 1992; Hawkins and Humes, 2002). Recently, the domestic violence issue has been moved from the private realm to the public in many states. Consequently, practices regarding the problem are changing and violence in the home is becoming a criminal matter. Yet the degree of protection women receive varies tremendously across states. Why is it that in some western societies, women can prosecute their husbands for a slap in the face, yet in places such as Turkey, men receive reduced sentences if the murder of their wives is an ‘honor killing? ’ (World Report, 2003). In order to explain this variation, I examine the impact of women’s representation and cultural factors, either of which may account for the level of protection women receive against domestic violence. THEORIES REGARDING WOMEN’S PROTECTION Making a difference: Women’s representation One of the prevailing theories in women and politics literature is called the ‘politics of presence. ’ According to this theory, women’s presence in legislative bodies is essential because women representatives have different values, attitudes, and priorities than men based on their unique experience as females (Phillips, 1995). Women legislators will express these differences by putting women’s issues on the agenda and making policy choices that benefit women as a group. Women’s issues can be defined as â€Å"those that mainly affect women, either for biological reasons (such as breast cancer screening and reproductive rights) or for social reasons (sex equality or child-care policy)† (Lovenduski 2001). According to this theory, women representatives will address domestic violence because it is a part of their experience as women. Even if the legislator has not experienced domestic violence personally, she probably knows someone who has, or can relate to the inequalities that lead to violence against women. Another important theory in women and politics literature is called critical mass. The critical mass theory holds that once women gain a certain percentage in the legislature, they will have the ability to ‘make a difference,’ or make changes in the legislature that improve women’s status (Dahlerup, 2001; Lovenduski 2001). Such changes may include implementing policy that is important to women, bringing attention to women’s issues, or changing the norms and values of the legislative institution (Norris and Lovenduski, 2003). According to a classification made by Rosabeth Moss Kanter, there are three categories of women’s minority status in the legislature: the skewed group of up to fifteen percent, in which women would be merely tokens and have no real power to implement change; the tilted group of fifteen to forty percent, in which the minority is gaining strength through numbers and may influence the nature of the institution; and the balanced group, of about forty to fifty percent, in which women are no longer a minority (Dahlerup, 2001; Lovenduski 2001). Women need to hold about thirty percent of the seats in a legislature in order to achieve a critical mass. Once women reach that threshold, they will bring attention to the issue of domestic violence by putting it on the legislative agenda and implementing policy that protects women. The degree to which women can attain cabinet or ministerial positions will also affect their ability to make a difference. Positions of leadership in the legislature allow for more influence over the political agenda and policy choices (Reynolds, 1999). Therefore, women in cabinet positions are able to exert political power that will lead to a greater protection of women against domestic violence. H1: As women’s access to political power increases, the level of protection for women against domestic violence increases. Although the ‘politics of presence’ and critical mass theories are well-respected in women’s representation literature, the policy effects that these theories predict has yet to be examined on an international level. Because women’s presence in the legislatures of many states is a relatively new phenomenon, it has been too early to determine whether these theories will be realized when it comes to measurable policy change. It is possible that woman legislators will behave no differently than their male counterparts, in which case an alternative cause is needed to explain the variation in women’s protection across states. The Cultural Influence According to several studies, the political and social culture of a state affects the level of support women will receive in the pursuit of equal rights and political power (Reynolds, 1999; Kenworthy and Malami, 1999). The specific traditions and values of a country determine a woman’s place, whether it be strictly confined to the home, nearly equal in the public sphere of employment and politics, or somewhere in between. The degree that each culture is in favor of expanding women’s rights will influence their practices and policies on domestic violence. Political Culture Although the political history and customs of each state are unique, examining certain aspects of a country’s political culture allows for a cross-cultural comparison of the political support for women’s rights. Women’s movements are one way of exerting influence in the political realm. These movements can be defined as â€Å"a subset of sociopolitical movements that are characterized by the primacy of women’s gendered experiences, women’s issues, and women’s leadership and decision making† (Beckwith, 2002). The issue of domestic violence is one that women’s movements have addressed in every corner of the globe. In many instances, these groups have been the only advocate for women experiencing violence in the home. When authorities look the other way, women’s groups have come forth to call attention to this problem. In order to affect legislation and practices on the domestic violence issue, women’s movements have utilized strategies such as protest, media campaigns, lobbying, research, litigation, and international treaties (Bush, 1992; Abrar and Lovenduski, 2002; Hawkins and Humes, 2002). Although the state institutions and cultures that women’s movements must work with can vary greatly, several studies have found that movements can be successful even in countries whose institutions do not promote the political participation of women and whose cultures that do not hold egalitarian beliefs (Tyyska, 1998; Bush, 1992). Such a finding is hopeful for women in patriarchal cultures; however, it may be a leap to suggest that women’s movements are completely independent form culture. At the very least, the women in a given state must support the advancement of their sex in order for a movement to take hold. In countries such as Turkmenistan, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, over fifty percent of women think it is acceptable for a husband to beat his wife for a variety of reasons (Seager, 2003). Such a culture would likely not be able to produce a successful movement because the women themselves do not believe men and women are equal. Although women’s movements operate outside the status quo, they should be considered a measure of political culture. Another way to measure the political culture of a state is to determine whether it has a history of women’s participation. A citizen’s political participation includes a variety of activities: pursuing political knowledge, discussing politics, supporting a political party or voting. There is no question that political participation is valuable and leads to greater political power: â€Å"To the extent that citizen activity provides a critical channel for the expression of citizen preferences, those who are less active pay the price in terms of representation† (Verba, Burns, and Schlozman, 1997). Women’s issues have not been on the political agenda in the past because women had little or no role in the political community and therefore had no place to voice their opinions (Fraser, 1999; Nelson and Chowdhury, 1994). If the most basic form of political participation is the act of voting, then the date of women’s suffrage speaks to the political culture of a given state. In those countries where suffrage was granted only recently, it is unlikely that women have established a culture of political participation. The strength of leftist parties also indicates whether the political culture of a state supports women’s rights. Traditional political parties, whatever their ideological stance, have often been associated with an ‘old boy’s club’ approach to political decision making: only those who are invited may attend. Some even argue that rather than open doors to political power, political parties create obstacles that women and other minorities must sidestep: â€Å"the culture and process of formal political institutions are major barriers to women’s equal participation in institutional politics† (Nelson and Chowdhury, 1994). Although political parties have a history of excluding women, leftist parties may be more inclusive than the rest. Parties of the left, particularly socialist parties, support women’s rights to a greater degree than other parties do because their ideological stance tends to be more egalitarian (Kenworthy and Malami, 1999; Reynolds, 1999). Leftist parties often include a pledge to reduce gender inequality in their political platform and tend to yield more successful woman candidates (Kenworthy and Malami, 1999; Reynolds, 1999). Therefore, the share of seats held by leftist parties may indicate whether the political culture of a state will favor protection for women. Finally, the level of socioeconomic development in a state influences its political culture. In times of economic hardship, the support given to women declines. Countries that have suffering economies are much less likely to be concerned with social programs than those which are thriving (Nelson and Chowdhury 1994, Seager 2003). Spending on education and social services, including services that protect women, will be considered unimportant when people don’t even have enough to eat. Unfortunately, hard times are usually when women need protection the most. Whether or not a state has a history of providing social services speaks to its political culture is it considered â€Å"necessary† to provide these services or is it considered a superfluous expenditure? States with a high level of socioeconomic development are more likely to have a political culture that supports women. H2: States with political cultures that support women’s rights will protect women from domestic violence to a greater extent than those that do not. Social Culture Just as a state’s political traditions can determine the amount of support women’s interests are likely to receive, its social culture also influences the importance a society places on women. Social factors affect the way that a society views the role of woman. Are women expected to stay in the home or is it acceptable for them to pursue a formal career? Are they considered the equal of men? Religiosity is one factor that may influence the social culture of a state. A nation’s religiosity is its religious sentimentality, or the degree of importance the dominant religion plays in people’s lives. Religion is an especially important factor to consider when examining the issue of domestic violence because many religions are concerned with the family structure and consider women to be uniquely tied to the family. States that have fundamentalist religions follow the doctrine that women are subordinate to men (Reynolds, 1999). If women are considered to be subordinate, a husband’s abusive treatment of his wife may be excused as ‘discipline. ’ Traditional, highly religious societies are likely to consider the family a private sphere and discourage state interference, even in violent cases. Societies that have a high degree of religiosity are therefore less likely to provide a large amount of protection for women. The social culture of a state may also be determined by its education policies. Is it considered appropriate for women to receive some sort of higher education? This speaks to whether women are considered equal to men and whether they have the right to gain knowledge. Higher education leads to an understanding of issues that are important to women, as well as social and political mobilization around those issues: â€Å"Knowledge is power, the foundation of intellectual and political development† (Fraser, 1999). If women are to understand that there are options beyond the status quo, they need education. Women are more likely to demand equality and protection under the law if they are educated. They may also have greater resources that would allow them to leave an abusive situation. Therefore, the larger the number of women in higher education, the more likely a state is to protect women from domestic violence. Finally, a society’s social culture is reflected by the egalitarianism of the citizenry. The extent that a country addresses the inequalities women face is largely due to the beliefs of the people. Nations that believe women are equal to men are more likely to pursue policies that are important to women. For instance, there has been an increase in the salience of issues such as reproductive choice, sexual harassment, and equal opportunity in states where the cultural ideologies are becoming more egalitarian (Inglehart and Norris, 2001) Therefore, if the social culture of a country promotes egalitarian beliefs, women are more likely to be protected from domestic violence. H3: States with social cultures that support women’s rights will have a higher level of protection against domestic violence than those that do not. Research Design and Methodology Design Strategy and Case Selection In order to test the theoretical explanations offered by the literature, this study compares the levels of protection against domestic violence cross-nationally. The research design employed is a statistical method. Using bi-variate correlation and multiple regression, the strength, significance, and relative influence of each independent variable in relation to the dependent variable is tested. Examining twenty-nine members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) allows for a broad mix of cultures and polities. (Iceland had to be excluded due to lack of data). This variation is valuable if the diverse situation of women is to be examined. At the same time, using the OECD member states allows much of the â€Å"noise† created by non-democratic governments and large variations in wealth to be blocked out; all of these states are relatively well-off and have some form of democratic government. Levels of wealth and degree of democratic functioning still vary widely enough to be diverse, however. The countries included in this study are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States. Dependent Variable The dependent variable of this study is the level of protection for women against domestic violence. This variable is an unweighted summation of seven separate measures: marital rape law, divorce law, gender wage gap, percentage of salary paid during maternity leave, length of maternity leave, child poverty rate in lone mother households, and percentage of lone mother households. Many of these measures indicate the level of familialization, or the ability for a woman to leave an abusive situation and live independently from her abuser. The level of protection is measured on a scale that ranges from 11 (lowest protection) to 25 (highest protection). Data for this variable were obtained from a wide variety of statistical sources. Marital rape law is a dichotomous variable. It is coded as 0 if the country does not have a law against marital rape and coded as 1 if it does. Marital rape laws are a direct measure of protection against domestic violence because rape is an act of violence. This variable indicates whether the state is willing to invade the private sphere of sexual relations between married couples in order to provide protection. About half of the cases in this study do not recognize marital rape as a crime. [1] The second dependent variable measure is a coded scale representing the egree of difficulty women face when attempting to obtain a divorce. The scale ranges from 0 to 3, with 0 being the most difficult and 3 being the easiest. Coding was based on the grounds for divorce in each country. States were given a point if women can initiate divorce, if mutual consent is a ground, if breakdown of marriage or a phrase of similar meaning is a ground, and if violence, battery, or abuse is a ground. A po int was subtracted if there is a requirement for the couple to be separated for a certain amount of time before divorce will be granted. Finally, a point was taken away for miscellaneous factors that would likely cause difficulty in obtaining a divorce; for example, if no alimony or child support is offered or if divorce is considered a social stigma in the country, a point was subtracted. [2] The third measure in the scale is gender wage gap. This variable captures the ability of women to be financially independent; the higher the gender wage gap, the more difficult it is for a woman to support herself and her children. The scale ranges from 1 to 5, with 1 being the largest gap between male and female wages and 5 being the smallest. 3] The fourth and fifth components of the dependent variable are the percentage of salary paid during maternity leave[4] and the length of maternity leave. [5] These measures speak to the financial and social independence of mothers in a given state. If all or most of the mother’s salary during leave is paid and she is able to take a substantial leave without the risk of losing her job, this indicates that the state offers progressive social welfare benefits to women. Studies show that parental leave attracts women to the labor force and maintains their attachment (Kamerman, et all, 2003). Continued employment indicates that women have a better chance to leave an abusive relationship because they are more likely to be financially stable and have a support system outside of the family. Both variables are coded in a range of 1 to 5, with 1 being the least favorable leave policies for women and 5 being the most favorable. The sixth measure of protection for women is the rate of child poverty in lone mother households. This variable is coded in a range from 1 to 5. A score of 1 represents the highest rates of child poverty and a 5 represents the lowest rates. Although it would seem that the percentage of lone mother households is a direct indication of child poverty rates, several studies indicate that if a country has progressive social benefits for single parent families, high poverty levels can be avoided (The World’s Women 2000; Kamerman, et al, 2003). Therefore, this measure speaks to the social support offered to single mothers. [6] The seventh and final component of the dependent variable scale is the rate of lone mother households. This measure is coded as a scale from 1 to 5; a score of 1 indicates low rates of lone mother households and 5 indicate high levels. The rate of single mothers in a country indicates whether it is socially acceptable for a woman to live independently from a male family member or intimate. 7 In countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, there are few social stigmas associated with single motherhood and accordingly, the rates are high: 15% and 19% respectively (Kamerman, et al, 2003). However, because these states provide few social supports for single mothers, the rates of child poverty for these family types are also high: 59. 6% in the U. S. and 40. 3% in the U. K. (Kamerman, et al, 2003). Therefore, it is necessary to look at both rates of single motherhood and of child poverty in lone mother households in order to gauge both the social stigma and support offered to single mothers. Independent Variables This study employs a parsimonious model with respect to the independent variables. Four independent variables are analyzed as indicators of the two theories discussed previously: women’s representation and the cultural influence. Data for these variables were obtained from several sources, primarily Joni Seager’s Atlas of Women in the World. The first variable is women as a percentage of elected officials in each state, or the percent of women occupying seats in the lower or single house of their country’s legislature. Those data, reported from the year 2002, indicate the level of women’s representation. [7] The second variable is women’s history of political participation, measured by the date women’s suffrage was introduced in each country. [8] The third variable is the level of socioeconomic development, measured by per capita GNI from the year 2001. GNI measures the gross national income of a state in current US. dollars. Both date of women’s suffrage and per capita GNI are indicators of the political culture of the countries in this study. [9] Although affluence could be measured separately from culture, socio-economic indicators are frequently used as proxy measures for culture in literature on women and politics (Kenworthy and Malami 1999; Matland 1998). The fourth variable, women as a percentage of students in higher education, is an indicator of the social culture of a country. Higher education is defined as third level institutions, such as universities, technical schools, and equivalent institutions. Students of higher education have completed education at the second level or provided proof of equivalent knowledge. The data reported are from 2000 or the most recent available year. [10] Analyses and Results This section reports the findings of the empirical analysis. After coding and analysis, the dependent variable (level of protection against domestic violence) produced an index ranging from 11 to 25, with 25 being the highest degree of protection. As shown in Table 1, there is a moderate amount of variance in the dependent variable, with a mean of 17. and a standard deviation of 3. 42. Analyses of bi-variate correlations and multiple regression tests for the independent variables indicate that the main findings of this study support the proposed hypotheses. Table 1 The Dependent Variable: A Breakdown of Protection Levels High Protection Levels Moderate Protection Levels Low Protection Levels Austria 19 Australia 17 Greece 14 Czech Rep. 19 Belgium 17 Ireland 12 Denmark 23 Canada 16 Japan 13 Finland 20 Germany 17 Korea 11* France 21 Hungary 17 Luxembourg 14

MOREL Surname Meaning and Family History

MOREL Surname Meaning and Family History The Morel surname is a diminutive from the Old French more, meaning dark and swarthy (as a moor). A French variant of Moor and Moore. Morel is the 21st most common surname in France. Surname Origin: French Alternate Surname Spellings:  MORELL, MORILL, MORRELL, MORRILL Famous People with the MORELSurname Guillaume Morel  - French classical scholarOlivier Morel de La Durantaye - Colonial officer in New FranceGeorge W. Morell  Ã‚  - civil engineer; Union General in U.S. Civil WarTheodor Morell - Adolph Hitlers personal physicianBà ©nà ©dict Morel   - Austrian-French psychiatristAntoine Là ©on Morel-Fatio  - French painter Where is the MORELSurname Most Common? According to surname distribution from Forebears, the Morel  surname is most common in France, where it ranks 22nd in the nation, followed by Monaco (68th), Dominican Republic (87th) and Paraguay (109th). The Morell  spelling of the surname, on the other hand, is most prevalent in Spain, and also common in Puerto Rico (395th) and  Cuba (413th). WorldNames PublicProfiler indicates a similar distribution, with the greatest percentage of individuals named Morel  in Austria, followed by Switzerland, Argentina and Belgium. Within France, Morel is found in the greatest numbers in the Franche-Comtà © region (now Bourgogne-Franche-Comtà ©), followed by Rhà ´ne-Alpes (now  Auvergne-Rhà ´ne-Alpes), Haute-Normandie (now Normandy), Basse-Normandie (now Normandy) and Bretagne. Genealogy Resources for the Surname MOREL Meanings of Common French SurnamesUncover the meaning of your French  last name with this free guide to the four types of French surnames, and the meanings and origins of common French last names. Morel  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Morel  family crest or coat of arms for the Morel surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. MOREL  Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Morel  ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - MOREL  GenealogyExplore over 2  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Morel surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. MOREL  Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Morel  surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - MOREL  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Morel. GeneaNet - Morel  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Morel  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Morel  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Morel  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

American Fiction in the beginning of XX century Essay

American Fiction in the beginning of XX century - Essay Example Moreover, contrasting of the North and the South in America are common points for these authors. This can be explained by the changes in the American society that occurred during this period. After the World War I people were tired of cruelties and violence and have already lost their self-identities. Culture and identity are so closely connected that the restoration of the whole cultures was greatly dependent on the restoration of separate individual’s identity. There was a need for people to restore their ideals for worshipping. An inner world of an individual was devastated. This can be shown on the example of Sally Carrol from Fitzgerald work, when she imagined â€Å"the Ice Palace†. This place was a spiritual asylum for the main heroine, where she wanted to escape from the scares of the Great War in Europe. Nevertheless, the main heroine fails when she tries to forget about her past in the South and dreams about her future in the future in the North. In the work by Faulkner â€Å"That Evening Sun† Southerners are also reflected in a negative light. Controversies between white and black people are another logical outcome of constant opposition between the North and the South of America. In the work by Steinbeck historical context is less evident.