Ethical Principles and Codes of Practice Essay Example for Free

Ethical Principles and Codes of Pr human activityice EssayEthical principles and statutes of rule rouse provide guidance in day-to-day practice. Analyse instruments situation in the case subscribe to and keep up to a conclusion about what would be an appropriate response.This essay will analyse the deferenceable principles and compute of practice in relation to the case study of neb, a man suffering from Alzheimers disease and will suggest a path of action for beams situation based upon the application of these principles and the code. It will do this by examining the term ethics and will focus on quaternion good principles found to be relative to the kinds of ethical issues and challenges met within wellness and social c be placetings, these will be applied to the case study. spears situation is that of a man, who, at the request of his family, unhappily (but apparently necessarily), moved to Parkside Manor, a small residential care home. Of late Peters commenc e of Alzheimers disease has advanced and he has become progressively uninhibited. His behaviour has caused the staff to question Peters placement at the care home, as some of the other residents are beginning to become troubled and distressed by his behaviour.Some staff feel that with the number of residents needing attention, Peters require require more time than they dupe to give. However Peters family are resolute in their decision for him to remain at Parkside. Ethics are defined as the philosophical study of the moral value of human conduct and of the rules and principles that ought to govern it (Collins, 2006, p535). Individual values develop over time with socialisation, upbringing and experiences. These values when viewed on a personal level, guide mortal actions. Individuals working in the health and social care setting also throw professional values derived from professional training and ideology. Decisions are made using both personal and professional values and all decisions will pick up an ethical dimension. Historically health and social care practiti superstarrs dupe been directed by principles and guidance, enabling them to develop what is described as a professional morality. Codes of practice have long been seen as regulations guiding practice, with clear standards of conduct (General fond tutelage Council, 2010, p 4).These usually include some exclusions much(prenominal) as disclosure of information but they mainly describe expected forms of conduct. In areas of health and social care ethical principles are used along with codes of practice to guide and enhance the decision-making process. These principles are related to a sense of doing the right thing or that which is moral and with musical themes of what is good and bad practice (K217, Book 4, p28).This idea can be problematic and can be viewed both objectively and subjectively. If viewed from an objective point of view, who should be trusted to know what is the objective truth ? If subjective, who is the unitary whose opinion should be listened to? Questions such as these are often at the core of dilemmas. Professionals working within health and social care environments do not except direct with decisions based upon the right and good. Consideration should also be given to ethical dilemmas, these are situations when two choices are apparent, both equal in morality and ethics (K217, Book4, p29).Pattison and Heller (2001) suggest, ethics and value issues thread their way through normal, daily health care practice, the interpretation of which is open to more than cardinal explanation (K217, Offprints, p131). Although principles guide actions, there is still a need to assess a situation and devise an appropriate response. This opinion and response derive from an individuals values and training as much as from principles. Ethical principles are important in the field of health and social care. Practitioners need to have the efficacy to make informed, eth ical and justifiable decisions relating to the individuals in their care. This can be difficult when faced with a challenging case. Using a cloth to develop a structured way of thinking through a particular ethical situation or challenge can be helpful. The ETHICS framework was developed to assist people working in care settings and allows a structured way of assessing a course of action in order to come to an ethically informed decision.It emphasizes the need to be able to select a course of action based upon guidance, information and established principles, as well as the individuals beliefs. The framework requires practitioners to firstly, Enquire about the relevant facts of the case, Think about the options that are available to all involved, Hear the views of everyone (including assistant user, family members and relevant providers), come in any relevant ethical principles and values which whitethorn help to guide the decisionmaking process, Clarify the meaning and conseque nces of any key values and ultimately Select a course of action offering supporting arguments (K217, Book4, p32). When victorious into account the case study, quatern ethical principles will be examined. These are respect for autonomy, non-malfeasance, sympathy and justice. The principles are seen as the starting points for the development of ethical approaches to care practice, providing a practical set of principles, which rather than offering direct answers to ethical dilemmas, set out useful guiding principles for practitioners when faced with moot decisions (K217, Book 4, p34).In Peters situation, Autonomy or self-determination is complex. Respect for Autonomy refers to a commitment to respect the decision-making capability of an autonomous individual. Autonomy is the freedom to act as a person tenderes, to be able to make decisions about their give birth life and not to be controlled by others. The case study points out that Peter unhappily left his home, at the request of his family to move into Parkside Manor, indicating that Peter had no control over this situation. This lack of right to choose where he lives, directly impinges on Peters ability to be autonomous and make conclude informed choices. Beauchamp and Childress (2009) identify two areas necessity for autonomy Liberty or independence from control and Agency, the capacity for deliberate action (K217, Book 4, p39).When applying this principle to Peters case, it could be argued that a diagnosis of Alzheimers limits his capabilities to make decisions for himself, limiting capacity for intentional action and so reducing Peters ability to function as an autonomous individual. The codes of practice for social care workers (2010) state a social care worker must respect the rights of service users trance seeking to ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or others (General Social Care Council, 2010, p9, 4.2). This causes a conflict of interest between Peters rights to act in a manner that he chooses and that of the other residents, who deserve to be able to move freely about the home without the risk of being cark or distressed by Peters actions. Staff may wish to take steps to minimise the potential risk of Peters behaviour causing mental harm and upset to other residents and by following risk assessment policies could assess the potential risks in this situation (General Social Care Council, 2010, p9, 4.2). Identifying harmful behaviour is multifaceted and open to interpretation.The assessment of risk could have serious consequences for Peter perhaps leading to a limiting of his rights and shore leave in the interest of protecting others from harm (K217, Book 4, p60). Therefore over protection or unnecessary limitation could be considered an infringement upon Peters human rights (K217, Book 4 p65). The case study does not accurately point out if Peter has the mental capability to catch that his actions could be disruptive and upsetting for others. T his being the case it may also be appropriate to talk to both Peter and his family about the situation in order to stripping a solution. As the code of practice maintains, care workers must promote the independence of service users and assist them to understand and exercise their rights (General Social Care Council, 2010, p8, 3.1). It is suggested, that in cases where decision making capacity is deemed to be impaired, respect for autonomy may involve the care worker acting appropriately in an individuals best interests (K217, Book 4, p40). The difficulty here is that Peters best interests cannot be viewed without taking into account the best interests of other residents, care workers and relatives.This shows the limits of the code of practice in taking a narrow ethical view rather than trying to take a wider and more balanced perspective. Beneficence and the promotion of welfare are refer with the provision of benefits and the balance of these against risk in the care and treatmen t of service users. It requires that care providers make a positive contribution to help others, not just refrain from acts of harm. It could be argued that in Peters case, moving into a residential setting may be seen as doing good. The theory of beneficence or doing good is embedded in health and social care practice. Although, rather than being straightforward in its attempts to solve ethical dilemmas, beneficence can be viewed as being rather vague (K217, Book4, p34). The application of beneficence in Peters situation could be seen as a controversial one. The need to do good in this situation could be seen to be against Peters best interests, as in the case of consent.The case study alludes to the fact that Peters family are making decisions on behalf of Peter and that the diagnosis of Alzheimers disease means that he is incapable of contributing to decisions most his care and wellbeing. It could therefore be argued that this results in a paternalistic approach to care, whereby the family (who are making decisions on behalf of Peter) may be guided by practitioners views of what is in Peters best interests and in doing so may neglect the choice and personal responsibility of the individual (K217, Book 4, p36). However paternalism may be viewed as acceptable if it is proved that Peters autonomy or decision-making capacity is compromised. In this case it may be advisable to initiate an assessment of Peters mental health capacity in order to justify the families involvement in the decision-making process.Beauchamp and Childress (2009) claim, the philosophy of non-malfeasance is an obligation to do no harm. contrasted beneficence, which promotes welfare and concentrates upon positively helping others, non-malfeasance focuses upon guiding health and social care practitioners to avoid harm-causing activities, this includes negligence. Having a duty of care for a person or persons in care is an ethical concept, neglect is an absence of due care the lack of which would be seen as falling below the standards expected by the law and code of practice. The principle of non-malfeasance can be difficult to apply in practice (K217, Book 4, p37). Peter has not been physically harmed himself, although it could be disputed that his behaviour more or less Parkside Manor could be having a detrimental effect on the wellbeing of the other residents who are beginning to be upset by Peters uninhibited behaviour. Section 3 of the codes of practice for social care workers may guide staff in promoting the independence of other service users (residents) in assisting them to understand and exercise their rights to autonomy.Also for staff to use the appropriate procedures and protocols in which to keep other service users safe from harm (General Social Care Council, 2010, p8, 3.1). As stated, Peters ability to make decisions about his care could be impaired, as in the right to choose where to live (which was made at the request of his family). However, maintain ing Peter in his own home, as was his wish, would require extra resources such as daily social care help. If this was unavailable, Peters wish to remain in his home could be seen as detrimental to his health and wellbeing as his condition deteriorated and this would not uphold the principle of non- malfeasance. The moral principle of justice tally to Beauchamp (2006) is fairness in the distribution of benefit and risk (K217, Book4, p42). It can be viewed as fair, impartial and suitable treatment for the autonomous individual. This suggests that everyone has the right to participate in the decision-making process surrounding their own treatment.This clearly is not the case for Peter, as he may no longer be classed as an autonomous service user and may not be able to articulate his needs or desires in respect of his care. In this case the staff may wish to assign a person as an advocate to represent and support (where appropriate) Peters views and wishes (General Social Care Council, 2010, p6, 1.2). The case study also identifies the staffs ripening concerns about their own abilities to be able to give Peter the care that he requires, with some suggesting that his needs demand more time than they have available. The code of practice sets out clear guidelines for staff in Section 3, stating that any resource or operational difficulties experienced by the care worker is to be brought to the attention of the employer or the appropriate authority (General Social Care Council, 2010, p8, 3.4).Staff working within the care home are under increasing ram to cope with the demanding behaviour that Peter displays and in this case may feel that they are neglecting the other residents because of Peters growing needs. This highlights the problem staff have in distinguishing fairly between those that are seen to need support and those that are not. Discrimination such as this all be it without intention of causing harm, raises questions of ine prize. As highlighted, codes of practice and other ethical guidelines are not without their limitations. These limitations are often down to an individuals freedom of choice and their views of what is right and wrong. Codes of practice deal in respect of that is the norm not the usual and at this point common sense and a corporate view are necessary. Using the four principles to analyse Peters situation is far from simple as the principles themselves are open to individual interpretation.The task for those directly involved in Peters care, such as family, professionals and the care workers at Parkside, is to ascertain their legal, professional and ethical positions and balance these against the need to protect and care for other residents and staff within the care setting. This may involve identifying ways to reduce the risk to others and to Peters dignity and privacy. As the code of practice states a social care worker must respect and maintain dignity and privacy of service users (general Social Care Council, 2 010, p6, 1.4). Some of the staff at Parkside have begun to question if the placement is an appropriate one given Peters growing needs.Staff at Parkside Manor could begin to examine ways of improving the care and support on offer to both Peter and the other residents by firstly initiating an assessment of Peters mental health capacity, in order for staff to better travail Peters level of understanding and to further meet his needs. This will form part of a support plan that will identify resources necessary to meet his growing requirements. The case study does not adequately highlight if Parkside Manor is equipped to deal with mental health problems such as Alzheimers or if the population is that of older residents with general care needs. One solution for the family may be to investigate the possibility of an alternative placement for Peter. Placing Peter in a more suitable setting where the staff are more used to dealing with conditions such as Alzheimers disease could enhance qua lity of care and increase Peters quality of life.BibliographyCollins, 2006, Collins Concise English Dictionary. Glasgow, HarperCollins Publishers.Open University (2010) K217, Adult health, social care and wellbeing, Chapter 14, Ethics in health and social care. Milton Keynes,The Open UniversityOpen University (2010) K217, Adult health, social care and wellbeing, Offprints, Swimming in a sea of ethics and values. Milton Keynes,The Open UniversityGeneral Social Care Council, 2010, Codes of Practice for social care workers. Available at http//www.gscc.org.uk/cmsFiles/Registration/Codes%20of%20Practice/CodesofPracticeforSocialCareWorkers.pdf Accessed 25/02/12Gillon Raanan, 1994, Medical ethics four principles plus the attention to scope. Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2540719/pdf/bmj00449-0050.pdf Accessed 09/03/12

Function Argument Essay Example for Free

Function Argument EssayAristotle first asserts that happiness is an ultimate approximate that is both complete and self-sufficient. 2) The ultimate good for a thing is its ability to complete its bleed. (3) Human beings must(prenominal) defy a function beyond an occupation in party such as a potter or painter because the ultimate human good must be all encompassing. So the function of a human being cannot specifically be being good at any one position or task.The human function cannot involve mediocre growth because that is essentially the function of plants, and a humans function must be unique in itself. 5) Aristotle claims that because animals and plants cannot reason, a human beings function must have something to do with rationality, the part that involves our soul. (6) Lesser goods like wealth all are meant to lead to happiness, this rises from the first premise that the ultimate good must be self-sufficient. (C) Therefore he concluded that the human function is the completion of a task (the activity) that involves the soul (not the body), and leads to doing what is ultimately the most virtuous or first-class thing to do.The human function is the activity of the soul in accordance with excellence or sexual abstention. I disagree with Aristotles conclusion because I study premise 4 and 5 are false. He asserts that a human being and a plant cannot have the same functions. Here I gestate there is a flaw in his logic, Aristotle makes an unreasonable jump in what a person should do and what a person has to do. Humans may have simply evolved from a cell like any other animal, which would suggest that completing our base physical goals, surviving and reproducing, is the human function.Yes because we have evolved further and our message for reason is greater indeed say chimps or dogs, we have a deeper understanding of morality and virtues. Yet there is still a distinct inequality between what we should do and what we have to do. I also disagree with the 5th premise because I do not believe reason is a virtue only found in human beings. Animals like gorillas and elephants have all been shown to show compassion towards other beings, even those not inwardly its species. Aristotles conclusion suffers from these false premises.He makes the assumption that doing something good is the same as being good and this is not true. What something has to do, its function, does not necessarily equate to what something should do. Aristotle draws on the premise that animals cannot reason. While I believe there is a valid argument in terms of the distinction on a humans depth of reason and an animals understanding of it. I believe the distinction lies in a more complex understanding rather then a complete lack of reason. I disagree with these two premises.

Effects of Natural Disasters | Essay

Effects of congenital Disasters EssayDisaster mass be categorized according to many situations the cares of it can be defined as the produce of war that communities react glob ally against aggression. It can be an expression of vulnerability. We can in like manner say that chance is a state of uncertainty. Thus the consequences of any kind of hazard atomic number 18 so commodious that they cant be ignored and the responsibility comes to the g everywherenment account.SAMPLE DISASTERSThe chance can be of any kind. We can say any unlike activity. It whitethorn be according to natural forces for example earthquakes, stuffing, extreme temperature, environmental hazards, fires, cycl anes. It can be technical failures causing the system pause and likewise the on handout activities cease. Disaster can be graded as a human interference like crimes and explosion. Now a day globally we are exposed to all kind of disasters including both geographical and humanly created mess. Like oversupply that come in Chicago in April 13, 1992 destroyed 230 buildings and all the power supply was damaged badly. If we talk about(predicate) the World trade Centre explosion in February 26, 1993 the raritying primarily affects the business in the centre and thither was no margin to take precaution. The earthquake in San Francisco o 18, October, 1989 damaged the bay bridge which has disquieted the business in the city because the bridge is collapsed and all business in the city was stopped. Similarly the hurricanes Andrew that arrived in the south Florida res publica made destruction to extents that end nigh every activity. Thus disaster in any shape conjure upn to be the worst experience no matter where it comes.Impact of Natural disaster on environmentNatural disaster is any inevitable event that affects the environment. It non only results in mass loss of human lives un slight as well adversely affect the economy of the office. Natural disasters deal vast storey of occurrence which cannot be predicted, nor can it be avoided. Many researchers state that that disaster is interrupted the state in which social fabric is disrupted and becomes dysfunctional to a greater or lesser extent. Many recent disaster e.g. tsunami in Indian ocean in 2004, earth quake in Pakistan in 2005, and Haiti earthquake in 2010 are thoroughly discussed in print and electronic media, unless our understanding of its economic impact and recovery plan is quiet premature. This topic highlights the effects of natural disaster on a region.For the impacts and its metigation its very much big that we should know the magnitude of the disaster. The area that is directly bear on and indirectly affected. Directly means the place where it actually happens and indirectly refers to the surrounding environment that is near with the disaster place. As in disaster the people move to opposite safe places for their survival. It stresses the other city in every account like to manage the space, forage, and other life facilities to start their normal life again.PREPAREDNESS FOR DISASTERFor all these the government work and try very hard to cope up with situation. In some(a) countries already disaster management cell are functional and in some countries we can see the law and order and they immediately act to such dilemma. We also cook such examples that there are recovery plans for disasters but the issues are that these plans are outdated. The trained people are less in number. It takes too much conviction to implement. Its not an easy task. Mostly we see that short term plans are prepared and acted on it. The requirement for the successful disaster management activity is the co mathematical process by the effected people as well as the rest of the society. So far we see all over the orb people generously participate for the disasters and try really hard to help the effecties. They really come up with practical potentials that sort the worst matter. Monito ring is also all-important(prenominal) after the measures because the effected people settlement may take years. In the disaster area collective stress is being created. Like some places that are easily approachable and some are far enough for the team to reach there for rescue. The government should be clear where to place the parking brake cell and how it will work and they must communicate properly to the effectives and rest of the society the methodology. So that the interested people to help the victims and they should know the reality too. all(prenominal) this information can be transmitted by the satellites, good telecommunication system in the area.NATURAL DISASTERS IN PAKISTANPakistan is the country that has esthetically beautiful landscapes featuring mountains. River plains, devastate track and 960 Kilometer coastal area that exposed it to natural disasters. One of the reasons for disasters is that Pakistan is located in the region thats on the Indian shell that colli des with the Eurasian plate and its not getting mature geographically up till now.Disaster cycles that are very common in the geographical history are predominantly violent stream, drought also persist, high intensity rain spell, earthquakes, cyclones and tsunami. Socially vulnerability and also the diseases are also the issues that to be deal with the natural disasters.Historically if we watch out the disasters and the number of people dead as a result and also the economic stress that Pakistan is facing then we can make outline that its very usual within every five or ten years a big disaster hit any area and almost everything is destroyed, which can be the factor for its slow development. Due to these natural disasters Pakistani economical condition is very weak. Every year 3-4% of the budget is used for the replacement from all the disasters.EARTHQUAKELike the earthquake in May 31, 1935 dead people reported were 60,000. afterwards this much big disaster two earthquakes eff ecting less people struck the area in November 27, 1945 and December 28, 1974.The deaths reported were 4,000 and 4,700 respectively. Then up till 2005 no earthquake has strike the region but on October 5 the earthquake shaken the Northern side of Pakistan and has majorly destroyed the north side. much than than 82,000 people were killed 3.3 million people were left injured and homeless. All these incidences claim place Pakistan in a very unwieldy situation. Everything was ruined badly and it took almost 5 to 10 years for rehabilitation.FLOODHISTORY tells us that fill up lamp is affecting Pakistan area very frequently. Flood in 1950, 2,900 people were died, in Aug-1973 4, effected people were 800,000, flood in 2-Aug-1976 killed 5,566,000, in Jun-1977 people effected were 848, contiguous year flood in Jul-1978 effects 2,246,000 people, similarly again the next year there was a flood affecting 1,000,000 poor people in august, then after 4 years gap flood came in 9-Aug effecting 6,184,418people, in Sep dead people were 12,324,024. Then again in 22-Jul-1995 flood death rated1,255,000 people and in 24-Aug-1996 dead people reported were 1,186,131.the history of flood does not end here. 3-Mar-1998 another flood destroys the area making1, 000 people to death. More over the flood destruction has added another year in the list like the flood of 2010 July- August.2010 FLOODNow a old age heavy monsoon rains bring forth triggered flooding that has left over 1,500 people dead. The death buzzer may reach in the thousands as flooding has spread through with(predicate)out the country and unbounded are missing due to flash floods and landslides. On top of this, much monsoon rains and flooding are on the way according to Pakistan meteorological department which may continue till end of August. Millions of homes in thousands of villages and towns have been destroyed. According to reports, over 13 Million people have been affected by this disaster more than the 2004 Indonesia Tsunami, 2005 Pakistan Earthquake, and 2010 Haiti Earthquake combined and destruction is increasing each day. Infrastructure such as dams, power stations, roads, bridges, schools, agriculture wells, and drinking water hand pumps have been hard damaged or destroyed.ECONOMICAL STATE OF PAKISTAN AFTER THE FLOOD DISASTEREconomically Pakistan is a poor country and its economic growth faced a good setback in fiscal year 2009 because of many factors such as the depressed consumer credit market, slow progress of public sector programmers, inflation, drop-off in subsidies, threat of security, and instability in the state and energy crisis. Additionally, no attention was given to the agriculture sector. The exports declined by six percent and imports by 10 percent. The only thing that became a silver lining was the increment in remittances by 22%. Apart from ignorance, agriculture sector has shown credible results because of good weather. major(ip) crops, wheat, rice and maize re corded impressive growth i.e. 7.7% against the target of 4.5%. Live stock and poultry also add to GDP as there was no viral disease this year. The economic condition is declining although positive efforts are made in this regard but due to the poor electricity condition and also the destruction of the infrastructure by the flood, the loss of many resource personals lives and their settled community now making it difficult for the country to sustain in the conflicting market. As the infrastructure is totally destroyed so the import and transport is stopped. Even if there are temporary ways it is still a difficult task. Like helping people is more important in flood rather than import export. Food and vivification materials required on daily background by the people, those who lost their everything, they are completely dependent on others for their survivals.Floods in the northern areas of Pakistan have caused devastating effects. Sindh commonwealth has been state red alert for t he forthcoming floods. The Indus river flows from Indus to Karachi which has increased the threat to the villages and people living beside it. Authorities have evacuated more than half a million people to save their lives.One of the local state that Floods killed our people, they have ruined our homes and even washed away the graves of our loved ones.It is considered to be the worst floods in 80 years in the region which have killed at 1,600 people and affected about 12 million others.The president of Pakistan Mr Asif Ali Zardari who was on a foreign trip refused to take any criticism about the flood situation in Pakistan. He was of the opinion that he was being kept up to date about the relief efforts being made in the affected areas and the cabinet was directing the efforts. He further assured the assistance from his visiting countries i.e. UAE, France and UK, regarding the relief and rehabilitation of the flood effectiees.Mr President further said that, Im the one whos given all the powers from the presidency to the parliament. The parliament is in session the Senate is in session. Its the prime ministers responsibility, and hes fulfilling his responsibility.The point of concern here is that in Sindh two more days of rain are expected by the Pakistans meteorological office which could be dangerous and can cause high level of flood hence area is warned as red alert.Mr Amal Masud, the national Disaster Management Authority added that in the bad weather the relief operations are also effected thus helicopters could not fly to the affected areas for rescue and relief activities.Prime Minister Gilani declaring the 2010 flood as the worst Flood in Pakistans 63 year history and thus appealed for help from international arrangings and has expected the locals to cooperate with the people helping them in this disaster.I would ask the international community to support and help Pakistan extenuate the sufferings of its flood-affected people, he said.Mr Gilani fur ther added The next two days are very slender. Our top priority is to rescue people, to save their lives. But we will also will them all facilities, and we will work for their rehabilitation.Much of the area along Indus River is submerged in the flood, still authorities have evacuated the rest of places to help people peculiarly from the low-lying areas. Although some local famers were reluctant to leave their land and belongings but it was necessary to evacuate those places even by forcing them. The rescue mission is chiefly headed by army and navy which will continue throughout the relief activities. In Sindh province more than half a million people have been evacuated.The Pakistans food supply will have long term effects due to the present floods as it has overwhelmed vast agricultural areas. Officials said it is the biggest disaster in the countrys history affecting 12 million people so far. The maximum level of water has reached in the Tarbela and Mangla dams which is a war ning by engineers for the damage.Due to the gaolbreak of dam in northern Sindhs Kashmore district, thousands of residents took shelter on rooftops or in trees, it has also inundated large parts of the surrounding area with floodwater. The authorities are trying to prevent the breach of any other dam downstream, said by Shoaib Hasan in Karachi. One of the Pakistans largest gas field The Qadirpur is also threatened by the breach. Many people refused to leave their land, crops and homes which is a difficult moment even knowing the threat to further deluges.We are compelling them to evacuate because there is commodious danger to their lives, Irrigation Minister Jam Saifullah Dharejo said.The current measure of the destroyed homes so far is 650,000, a 1.4m acre (557,000 hectares) of agricultural land has been flooded and 10,000 cows have died, declared by the officials.In comparison with the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the present disaster 2010 flood was on a par, which killed almost 73,0 00 people badly damaged infrastructure.The flood affecties have been critical of the governments response and other relief activities feeling helpless and ignored.Floods killed our people, they have ruined our homes and even washed away the graves of our loved ones, Mai Sahat told the Associated Press near Sukkur, Sindh. save we are here without help from the government.The administration struggling to contain the Taliban and an economic crisis, is facing more pressure by the victims which bitterly accused the authorities of weakness to come to their aid in this devastating disaster. Thus, the authorities and victims both are facing alot of issues along with other previous crisis. On the other hand, mountainous region of Ladakh was hit by flash floods which has killed 120 people with a ratio of 100 missing, building wee also damaged. The authorities of Indian-administered Kashmir are recovering bodies and extremely concerned with a fast relief action.Whole of Pakistan is currentl y facing the devastating effects of flood. In Punjab hundreds of villages were submerged in flood water. It has destroyed homes, askew the crops and threatened lives. Aid workers are also finding difficulty for the rescue delivery due to the nonstop raining and as a result more floods are coming out. As most of the affecties are poor people thus many organization is trying to help them in this hard time. UN also scrambles to provide food and other assistance to about 3.2 million affected people. This years monsoon season has caused the worst flood in Pakistan.Punjab is the richest and most populous province of Pakistan. The destruction in northwest was very volatile and the floodwater has hitted Punjab with the even high intensity. The rescue team of army tried to move villagers to higher ground through boats and helicopters. In the south of the province the tracts of Kot Addu and nearby area of layyah, water was so high that only upper most floors of some buildings and treetops we re visible.During a visit to the flood affected area, the news reporters were briefed by Military spokesman Maj. Gen. Nadir Zeb that at least 30,000 people have been rescued from flood-hit zones in Kot Addu and areas over the previous 72 hours. He warned of more flooding as more rains were forecast in the next few days.People must cooperate with us, and they must leave those areas where floods are going to hit, he said.Muhammad Hanif, head of the National Weather Forecasting Center in Islamabad said that monsoon season in Pakistan usually lasts about three months, through mid-September. In a typical year, the country gets an average 137 mm (5.4 inches) worth of rainfall during the monsoon season. This year, it already has received 160 mm (6.3 inches). Hanif said the rains are already falling about 25 to 30 percent above normal rates. It was the hardest rain experienced by northwest can be called once-in-a-century rains. The death toll in the northwest region was highest. The signifi cant amount of rain should be expected in Sindh province located at south and Punjabs at east.The Pakistans National Disaster management authority said that at least 47 people killed, 1,000 villages have been affected and 25,000 houses destroyed in Punjab since late July. The stretched crops of Pakistan are mainly grown in Punjab which is the Pakistans breadbasket were badly destroyed by the floodwater. Numerous crops have also been lost in the northwest. U.N has warned that due to loss of farm has produced the serious food shortage and thus World Food Program has estimated that over next month 1.8 million people will need to be fed. on with the crops, buildings and houses all the communication lines are also destroyed and the roads and bridges are washed out. These all severe conditions are main hurdles in the relief and rescue operations.Including the United States, many foreign counties have stepped in to help the flood affecties. But still there are complains that aid is not re aching them fast enough or at all. This has disturbed the people more and results in aggressive behavior towards the authorities and helping organizations. The Map of Pakistan present the area affected by the severe and moderate flood is given below.http//www.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/world/10/pakistan_floods_2/img/pakistan_floods_01_464_2.gifFLOOD HANDLING PROCEDUREAfter earthquake relief operation, govt of Pakistan had set up a disaster management cell for constricting out natural disasters like earthquake and floods. However, scale of this flood is much beyond the capacity of that disaster management cell. Likewise in earthquake 2005 Pakistan army has come up once again to help the affected masses. All of army is out of cantonments for carry out flood relief operation throughout the country. It is a big challenge which cannot be met at once. surgical procedure has different phases like rescue operation for evacuation of dead and trapped in flood, arrangement for internally d isplaced persons to alternate locations, provision of basic living facilities like shelter, food and medication, return of IDPs ( Internally displaced persons) to their home location after flood will be over and finally rehabilitation of these IDPs to re-start their normal lives. offshoot phase to fight out flood is being undertaken by govt of Pakistan and Pakistan army. All resources are brought in to move affected population to safe locations. Pakistan army engineers army corps is carrying out rescue operation for water trapped masses, whereas tent villages are established to accommodate IDPs at safer locations.After rescue comes the relief phase of operation which includes provision of basic living facilities to affected people. It is not easy task for govt of Pakistan to handle such a disaster which has caused more than 15 million IDPs which is over all larger displacement than tsunami and 2005 earthquake collectively. Whole Pakistani nation has come up to help affected popula tion in terms of part and volunteer relief work. Still it demands help from international community. UNO and other govt and non govt organization are pumping in to help the situation. In relief phase experts for shelter food and medical care have major role to play. There is no economic activity in flood hit areas and is not expected to restart soon. So more than 15 million IDPs are going to have adverse effects on Pakistan economy.Monsoon is not over yet and few more rain spells are expected in month of august country wide. This situation depicts that rehabilitation phase is not going to start immediately which alternatively mean extended relief phase. And once rehabilitations starts, keeping in view the severity of flood, its not expected to recover the damage and restart normal affair life for min of two to three years.After complete destruction of routine life and infra structure in flood hit area, there has been acute shortage of day to day usage items. Demand has incredibly increased than supply which is ultimately going to cause price hikes generally in all over the country and particularly flood hit areas. Inflation of prices and sink of economy is obviously going to create so many living as well as social problems like increase in crime rate, increase of hunger and diseases, lawlessness and exploitation.All above mentioned problems and issues pose great challenge for govt of Pakistan. It is a very serious issue which needs to be handled with great care. Govt of Pakistan will have to take both short term and long term measures to fight existing challenge and avoid such massive damage in future. As a short time and immediate measure, all efforts must be made to accelerate ongoing relief operation and provide basic needs to all the affected population. All govt machinery and international organization should gear up to work together on same lines with each others collaboration. All agencies must be on one grid with central observe so that wastage and duplication of effort be kept to minimum. There had been an existing structure after earthquake as disaster management cell, if all part try to work together in order to do capacity building of disaster management cell instead of working in self-governing capacities, it can really boost the relief work.CONCLUSIONPakistan is a country which is already dependent on foreign aid to cope up with economic situation and also to fight back with the militants war in the country. So management of the situation and also the right decision are very important to cope up with the disasters.Its govt responsibility to start media campaign to motivate whole nation to work together , project the relief work being undertaken and depress frustration of the affected. At the same time , govt should encourage all volunteer teams , local NGOs, oversea Pakistanis and international community and take them on board to fight this catastrophe. Key factor in fetching the max out of all will be transparency an d fairness of the procedure to utilize the aid to realise IDPs.It may not be easy for govt to afford rehabilitation of all these IDPs, it will be helpful to give incentives to international agencies for investments in all over the country as payback to their assistance in rehabilitation of IDPs.Keeping in view the terrain and weather of Pakistan, it is very likely to face flood in future as well. Short terms measure can never be a permanent solution to these catastrophes. There can be no way to avoid floods in future except making dams to store and control excessive waters. Construction of dams in Pakistan had been politicized over few decades. This is the right time for govt of Pakistan to take decision for constructions of dams at various locations throughout the country. This will not only help in avoiding flood but will also elucidate the biggest energy crises by production of electricity.All existing dams and canal system is old one and capacity of all rivers, canals and dams has been greatly reduced due to silt. In addition to construction of new dams, expansion and cleaning of existing dam and canal system is also imperative.There is no question that present flood has caused devastating effects on Pakistan economy which will take years to recover. But such catastrophes are always food of thought for future and prove to be turning points for nations to plan ahead. This is the time for govt of Pakistan to revise their economic policies and bring reforms. Nothing is more than safety of people, so serious issues relating survival of nations would not be politicized at all. We hope after recovering from this flood, Pakistan gets on to the track leading to benefit of whole of country instead of few.

United Colors of Benetton Controversial Advertising Campaign

United colourise of Benetton Controversial Advertising CampaignMOHAMED RAFIQUE BIN RAMLANThe United Colors of Benetton Controversial Advertising CampaignsAn Analysis on Power of Determining the Meaning of Media TextThe need to effectively sell to consumers doneout many cultures across human borders compelled businesses to tailor their diagnoseising strategies to appeal to different geographic markets. The United Colors of Benetton however, has been employing the opposite strategy by trying to impart a single, what the brand perceive to be universally accepted message that would generate positive responses from all consumers regardless of their geographical, sociological, psychological, cultural, and economical make-up. Ironically, historically speaking, the brands raise ups, which had a reputation of universe controversial despite claimed as an suit to promote universally positive cheers pay back consistently sparked negative responses from their audiences (Boches, 2011). T he reason for this disconnection between the anticipate results and actual outcomes is that the draws depicted perceivably negative images so explicitly that they ended up misleading the audiences away from the brands well- mean center.According to Hall, the app arent meaning (how the meaning is ultimately perceived by the audience, regardless whether it aligned with the intended meaning) of a media schoolbook is not solely inherent in the textual matter itself nor the institution responsible for(p) for its production. It varies according to the interpretations of its audiences. It highly correlates with and dependent on the audiences cultural place setting, economic standing and personal experiences, and everything else the audiences had already identified and acknowledged (Hall, 1973). Hall added that the audiences are capable and much do distort the messages themselves through collective action, whether consciously or subconsciously. Thus, the audiences effectively becam e active agent participants in decoding media texts messages as they impose their own social scope in their interpretations. Thus, the thesis of this essay is that the power to determine the meaning of a media text lies primarily with the audience. This essay analyzes three of the brands campaigns, focusing on the formation work out of audiences perceptions on each campaign, which can be categorised into three different positions as proposed by Stuart Halls model of communication theory.In 1980s, acclaimed lensman Olivero Toscani captured the image for the brands notorious campaign, which the brand claimed to be an effort to raise awareness on social issues pertaining to race and effectively promote the value of racial integration (Elliot, 1991). The print ad for the campaign portrayed a depiction of a (apparently Caucasian) white skinned girl innocently posing side-by-side with a (apparently of African ethnicity) black skinned girl. At face value, this print ad seemed to be just another print ad promoting multi-racial value. With closer inspection, the print advert added to the negative representation of black people in the media. The black skinned girl appeared to be sanely dark and grimy. There is no representation of satisfaction in the life in her face. The eyes giving the expression of emotionless and cold with her insipid stare, half of her appearance hidden by dark shadows with no smile on her face and hair styled with spikes which somewhat resembles a pair of tiny horns. This connotation of obscurity is reflected to the arbitrary meaning with malicious in society. In addition, somewhat societies claimed the looks appeared to be somewhat devilish because they associated darkness with negative appearance. (Moore, 1991) However, the white skinned girl quite apparently enhanced with digital editing appeared to look happy and healthy. Her blond curly haired and a smile underneath her rosy cheeks brands her to look innocence and radiant in person. Thi s resembles her to be styled and edited to look somewhat angelic with her cupid-like look. (Moore, 1991)Especially in the U.S., the promotion of racial integration value from this particular print ad was less apparent in comparison to the stunning outburst created by this print ad by apparently reinforcing negative stereotypes on black skinned people. One might argue that portraying ostensibly negative stereotypes undermines against them rather than reinforces them, but tense racial dynamics in the United States resulted in dominantly negative perception towards the meaning of the print ad.The intended meaning of the print lies at which Hall established as the negotiated position, where the meaning is in a position that compels the audience to both accept and reject the intended meaning. The portrayal of the black skinned girl as explicitly and unnaturally devilish proved to be counter-productive to the intention of the print ad to promote the value of embracing other cultures and ethnicities. To a certain extent, the audience do recognized and acknowledged the intended meaning, but simultaneously resisted and modified the meaning in a way which reflects their own experiences, interests, and biases (Hall, 1980). Hall stated that decoding at bottom the negotiated version contains a mixture of adaptive and oppositional elements while the audiences somehow recognized the abstract estimate behind what they were perceiving, the formation of meaning in their minds operated at a more restricted, situational condition, establishing new rules which ultimately shaped the meaning of the media text.In the 1990s, the controversy ignited by the brands shocking campaign intensified. The brands shift in focus towards more gritty social issues ranging from dying AIDS longanimous to image of blood-smeared clothes (Mezzofiore, 2011) faced not except negative reaction from audiences, but sparked public protests and banned by many governments across the world. The print ad wh ich depicted the blood-smeared clothes of a dead Croatian soldier was intended as a part of a campaign that promotes anti-war effort (Associated Press, 1994). One transmission line which could justify the explicitly gory depiction of the print ad is that it makes for an intense emotional appeal to the consumer, evoking feeling of compassion in them and to perceive the brand as sympathetic and with conscience, ultimately increasing brand appeal and loyalty. Ironically, the German court ruled that the print ad could not be published anywhere in the country on ground that using such intense emotional appeal to sell product is immoral (Walsh, 1995). Many audiences perceived the image as too disturbing to reflect the value of peace the brand claimed to promote and they could not make any sensible connection between print ad and the product the brand is actually selling.In this case, the intended meaning of the campaign was within the oppositional position when channelled through a cult ure medium ready to be perceived by its audiences. One of the prevailing philosophy of the brands advertising strategy was that there are no shocking pictures, only shocking humankind which reflected the brands effort to expose realities that people refuse to see and face. The brands campaign strategy relied on the assumption that the value that it is promoting through this campaign is universally positive, and that it is immune to any interpretations (whether or not they are misleading) formed by the audiences on the basis of their overall make-up. In this oppositional position, the audiences understood only the literal meaning of the image and blinded themselves from the intended meaning. The audience decoded the message and formed interpretation in a way the campaign did not foresee. The audiences sociological make-up has placed the meaning in the oppositional position as to what the meaning was supposed to be. Although some may actually understand the intended meaning, the text of the medium did not speak in the same language as the audiences, thus they ended up rejecting it. (Hall, 1980)After consistently recorded low sales, presumably referable to a string of high-profile yet unpopular ad campaigns (Maguire, 2003), the brand finally employed a drastically different advertising strategy with its Unemployee of the Year campaign in 2012 that addressed the issue of youth unemployment. The campaign was also a contest in which unemployed youths could win EUR 5,000 that they would use to implement a toil that would create a positive impact on their community (Lidbury, 2012). The campaign featured a series of thematically focused print ads which depicted close-ups of youths mated with captions such as Valentina, 30, non-lawyer from Italy. The brand campaign presents a realistic portrait of todays society by actively tackling a current problem, that of youth non-employment and the potential employment between generations, in order to show it in a new light an d create value for the immense human capital of young people. This time, the campaign generated more positive responses in comparison to the previously mentioned campaigns which were perceived as exploitations of social issues that do not attempt to create solutions.In this case, the audiences were located within the dominant point of view where the audiences took the actual meaning of the media text directly and decoded it exactly the way it was encoded. The audience fully shared the text codes and successfully reproduced the texts intended meaning (Hall, 1980). Since the issues of youth unemployment are arguably universal, misunderstanding during interpreting media text did not occur as both the sender and liquidator have the same cultural biases. The sharp turn of strategy made by the brand was evident by criticism that the print ads for the campaign are too boring (Mahdawi, 2012) and did not represent what they have recognized the brand for controversy. However, this criticism was overwhelmed by the overall positive response towards the brands effort to provide solutions to youths unemployment. Marketers predicted that the campaign would help the brand build a lasting relationship with its target consumers.The Reception Theory which focuses on the readers reception of a literary text or media established that the process of negotiation and opposition of meaning take place when the reader is interpreting the text. A text- be it a book, film, or other creative work are interpreted by their respective audiences who are not behaving passively, but acting as active participants in interpreting the meanings of the text (Morley, 2015) based on their individual make-up. In other words, the meaning of a media text is not inherent within the text itself, but is created within the relationship between the media text and the audience. A correct interpretation of the meaning of a specific text could only occur when the audiences have a shared cultural background and interpreted the text the way the manufacturer of the text presumed it would be interpreted. The less shared heritage an audience has with the producer of the media text, the less likely the audience will be able to recognize the producers intended meaning. Two audiences with vastly different cultural, sociological, economical, psychological, and geographical background will extract two very different meanings from the same text. Thus, the power to determine the meaning of a media text lies primarily with the audience.References (Word Count 1638)1. (Fabrica) http//www.seouldesign.or.kr/EBOOK_DATA/pdf/fabrica_seminar.pdf2. Boches, E. (2011) Three shipway to Look at Benetton The Cause, The Creative, The Controversy, Creativity Unbound. Online gettable at http//edwardboches.com/three-ways-to-look-at-benetton-the-cause-the-creative-the-controversy. (Accessed December seventeenth 2014)3. Gianatasio, D. (2011) Benetton is Not Feeling the Love for its Unhate Kissing Campaign Pope Ad is rapidly Pulled, Adweek. Online Available at http//www.adweek.com/adfreak/benetton-not-feeling-love-its-unhate-kissing-campaign-136587. (Accessed December 17th 2014)4. Crawshaw, S. (1995) Benetton Sued Over Shock Ads, The Independent. Online Available at http//www.independent.co.uk/news/world/benetton-sued-over-shock-ads-1569139.html. (Accessed December 17th 2014)5. Walsh, M. W. (1995) German Court Bans take aback Benetton Ads Law Panel Labels as Immoral the Clothiers Campaigns on HIV, Oil Slicks and Child Laborers, Los Angeles Times. Online Available at http//articles.latimes.com/1995-07-07/news/mn-21071_1_benetton-ads. (Accessed December 17th 2014)6. Moore, L. W. (1991) Is Ad Theme racial Harmony or Angel/Devil Stereotype?, Philly.com. Online Available at http//articles.philly.com/1991-09-12/news/25799573_1_benetton-campaign-racial-harmony-oliviero-toscani. (Accessed December 17th 2014)7. Elliot, S. (1991) The Media Business Advertising Benetton Stirs more Controversy, The New Yo rk Times. Online Available at http//www.nytimes.com/1991/07/23/business/the-media-business-advertising-benetton-stirs-more-controversy.html. (Accessed December 17th 2014)8. Mezzofiore, G. (2011) Benetton A History of Shocking Ad Campaign, International Business Times. Online Available at http//www.ibtimes.co.uk/benetton-history-shocking-ad-campaigns-pictures-252087. (Accessed December 17th 2014)9. Kenna, A. (2011) Benetton A Must-Haves becomes a Has-Been, Bloomberg Business Week Magazine. Online Available at http//www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_12/b4220021488483.htm. (Accessed December 17th 2014)10. Hall, Stuart (1980) Encoding/decoding. In Centre for Contemporary heathen Studies (Ed.) Culture, Media, Language. London Hutchinson.11. Schrder, Kim Christian. (2000). Making sense of audience discourses Towards a multidimensional model of mass media reception. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 323312. Salkeld, Richard , 2014. Reading Photographs An design to the Theory a nd Meaning of Images. 1st ed. London Bloomsbury Publishing. pp64-6513. Benetton Group Website. Online Available at http//www.benettongroup.com. (Accessed January 11th 2015)14. Maguire, M. (2003) United Colors of Benetton A Company Of Colors And Controversies. GRIN Verlag.15. A campaign to combat the culture of hate, unhate.benetton.com16. Mahdawi, A. (2012), Benettons Unemployee of the Year is a Flimsy Attempt at Brand-Aid, The Guardian, Online. Available at http//www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/sep/19/benetton-unemployee-campaign-flimsiest-brand-aid. (Accessed January 11th 2015).17. Lidbury, O. (2012) Benetton erect Unemployee of the Year Campaign, Fashion. Online Avalable at http//origin-fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/olivia-bergin/TMG9552570/Benetton-launch-Unemployee-of-the-Year-campaign.html. (Accessed January 11th 2015).18. AP News Archive (1994). Latest Benetton Poster Provokes Croat Outrage With Am-Yugoslavia. Online Available at http//www.apnewsarchive.com/1994/Lat est-Benetton-Poster-Provokes-Croat-Outrage-With-AM-Yugoslavia/id-83dd11f663e4b97caf2026954d083f9d. Accessed 11 January 15.19. Morley, D. (2015) Audience Research, Museum Of charge Communications Online Available at http//www.museum.tv/eotv/audiencerese.htm. Accessed 11 January 15.20. Hall, S. (1973) Encoding/Decoding Culture, Media, Language Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79, pp. 128-138.

Meeting the Needs of a Dying Patient

Meeting the Needs of a Dying PatientTitle caring for a patient who is dying is an experience most nurses lead plaque at some stage of their career. With reference to patients you have cared for, describe how you were able to meet the needs of dying patients.As a certainty, only of us will have to face death at some stage. Some of us are fortunate enough to be able to do so with caring, validating and empathetic people around us. (Seale C et al. 2003). Nurses must be able to discharge their paid responsibilities in this area with this comment in mind. In this small essay we will explore how a nurse can empathise, understand and assist the patient in dealing with the various issues that arise.We will discuss these issues in relation to one specific case, Mrs G. The case was complex, only when, in essence, it involved a lady who had just been given a terminal diagnosis and entered into a build of complete defence mechanism and overt avoidance behaviour. She would change the sub ject when talking about her health and keep herself almost manically occupied with trivial tasks so as non to have to consider the reality of the situation.Dobrantz (2005) points to the fact that it is well recognised that some patients deal with life crises simply by ignoring them, other will practice session mechanisms of varying degrees of cognitive distortion (CDs), which may range from undue optimism to complete denial (as Mrs.G did).The main nursing dilemma here is should the nurse actively continue Mrs.Gs denial and allow her to see the reality of the situation or is it perhaps kinder to allow her to continue in her state of overt denial. (Dean A. 2002)On starting time analysis, one might take the view that, given the fact that Mrs.G had only a short time left to live, it might be a kindliness to allow her not to confront the psychological pain of anticipating her imminent death. Against this argument is the opinion of a good death. (Cuttini et al. 2003). Many authoriti es (viz. Roy C 1991)that in order for a patient to have a good death, they need time to accept the inevitable and to mentally come to terms with it, answer what preparations they need (financial, practical, religious, personal) so that they can approach it in a calm and considered way. Clearly this cannot be achieved if they are actively entering into a degree of denial about the situation. (The A-M et al. 2000)Demonstrate ability to apply relevant nursing knowledge to individualised patient careThe immediate therapeutic problem to be confronted by the healthcare professionals involved is to decide the degree of collusion with the denial that can be ethically employed. (Sugarman J Sulmasy 2001). To a degree, this is a matter of personal and clinical judgement. Most experienced healthcare professionals would suggest that truth is prevalently the best policy, the degree of truth however, can be a matter of negotiation. (Parker and Lawton 2003).The important concept to embrace in t his type of situation is that of individualised patient care. In order to come to a considered decision, the nurse must carefully consider all the elements of the patients coping mechanisms and assume a holistic approach to the matter. We note that the concept of holistic care can best be depicted with the understanding that the concept of Health is ground on a translation of the Anglo Saxon word for wholeness (or holism). The key to this approach is that it recognises that health has both spiritual and psycho-social elements as well as the overtly physical. (Wright et al 2001)The main elements of managing Mrs.G s case seem to revolve around the ethical concept of autonomy (Coulter A. 2002). unmatched has to make a professional decision whether or not Mrs.G is considered to have the right to make completely autonomous decisions for herself. In many clinical situations (such as consent, for example), the issue of autonomy is virtually inviolate. There are other situations, and we suggest that this is one, where other ethical principles may take precedence. The Principle of Beneficence suggests that the healthcare professional should effectively do goodness or more accurately in these circumstances, as doing what is the best for the patient. (Dordrecht et al. 1983Demonstrate ability to make own judgment and decisions based upon the evaluation of the nursing situation.There are a number of nursing models which could be used to construct a response to this situation. They all assimilate the general nursing scheme of assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. (Fawcett J 2005)The Roper, Logan, Tierney model (2000) would be appropriate to assess the activities of daily living in a problem solving manner, but this mathematical process is primarily of use in those situations that are physically orientated and therefore the psychological denial element is not clearly addressed by this model.The Roy Adaptation model (Roy 1991) is certainly more useful in ex plaining the line upive processes that the patient experiences as they come to terms with the illness role. Mrs.G however, did not adapt and, by adopting a strategy of denial, was able to maintain her belief of wellness almost until the end, when her illness in the end forced her into accepting it. In real terms, Mrs.G did not adapt at all.The Johnson Behavioural System model (Wilkerson et al 1996) suits our purposes better as it clearly describes the processes of illness denial, but it doses not combine it with the adaptive processes that eventually over besidesk Mrs.G at the end of her life.Wadenstein (et al. 2003) sums up this type of situation with the conclusion that when there is multifactorial aetiology in a given situation there is rarely one nursing model that will encompass all eventualities.ConclusionsMrs.J.s emotional pain of trying to cope with imminent death was clearly too great for her to assimilate. This must be understood by her medical attendants if she is to h ave a good death (Marks-Moran lift 1996)In order to try to run Mrs.G with the best care that she could have, the clinical staff tried to help Mrs.G towards the realisation that she should confront her own imminent mortality. Unfortunately for all concerned, this proved to be out(predicate) and Mrs.G died about two weeks after her admission, only openly acknowledging the imminence of her death when she became too weak to lift a cup of tea to her mouth on the day before she died. Arguably, when this acceptance came home to her, the nursing staff were actually able to help and support her more than Mrs.G had allowed them to in the preceding two weeks. (Yura H et al. 1998References Coulter A. 2002The autonomous patient.capital of the United Kingdom The Nuffield Trust, 2002.Cuttini, Veronica Casotto, Rodolfo Saracci, and Marcello Orzalesi 2003In search of a good death Health professionals beliefs may undermine effective pain relief pitcher for dying patientsBMJ 2003 327 222.Dean A. 2002 Talking to dying patients of their hopes and needs. Nurs Times. 2002 Oct 22-28 98( 43) 34-5.Dobratz, M 2005Gently Into the Light A Call for the Critical Analysis of End-of-Life Outcomes. Advances in Nursing Science.Nursing feel for Outcomes. 28(2)116-126, April/June 2005Dordrecht Kluwer. Beauchamp, T. and Childress, J., 1983,Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 2nd edition.,New York Oxford University Press. 1983Fawcett J 2005Contemporary Nursing Knowledge Analysis and Evaluation of Nursing Models and Theories, 2nd EditionBoston Davis Co 2005 ISBN 0-8036-1194-3Marks-Moran Rose 1996Reconstructing Nursing Beyond Art and ScienceLondon Balliere Tindall October, 1996Parker and Lawton 2003 Psychological contribution to the understanding of adverse events in health care Qual. Saf. Health Care, Dec 2003 12 453 457.Roper, Logan and Tierney (2000)Activities of Living model London Churchill Livingstone 2000 ISBN 0443063737Roy C 1991An Adaption model (Notes on the Nursing theories Vol 3)OUP London 1991Seale C, van der Geest S. 2003Good and bad death introduction.Soc Sci Med. 2003. 58 (5) 883885.Sugarman J Sulmasy 2001Methods in Medical EthicsGeorgetown Univeristy Press 2001 ISBN 0878408738The A-M, Hak T, Koeter G, Wal Gvd. 2000Collusion in doctor-patient communication about imminent death an ethnographic study.BMJ 2000 321 1376-1381Wadensten Carlsson 2003Nursing theory views on how to support the process of ageingJ. of Advanced Nursing Volume 42, Number 2, April 2003, pp. 118-124(7)Wilkerson, S. A., Loveland-Cherry, C. J. (1996).Johnsons behavioral system model. In J. J. Fitzpatrick A.L. Whall (Eds.), Conceptual models of nursing Analysis and application (3rd ed., pp. 89-109). Stamford, CT Appleton Lange. 1996Wright S, Sayre-Adams J. 2001consecrated space right relationship in health and healing not just what we do but who we are. In Rankin-Box D, ed. The nurses handbook of complementary therapies. 2nd ed.London Baillire Tindall, 2001.Yura H, Walsh M. 199 8The nursing process. Assessing, planning, implementing, evaluating. 5th edition. Norwalk, CT Appleton Lange, 1998.===============================================================9.5.06 PDG Word count

Inherit the Wind Think Piece :: essays papers

Inherit the Wind Think PieceIn todays society, where angry children shoot, bomb, and threaten their schoolmates, in that respect exists a rather incoherent line between appropriate classroom conversation and unacceptable discussion. True, this line did not exist some years ago, hardly as times changed, so did certain parameters. A teachers freedom in the classroom is one such hotly debated question. Where should the line be drawn? What is the difference between right and wrong? These are questions that are not easily answered. Some say that we should look at each case-by-case incident of indecent or inappropriate discussion, but really, how willing these halt future conversation? In a society where our youth is incredibly impressionable, how will this put an end to the tragedies that have become so terribly regular?Some say that since the community pays teachers salaries, they should be the ones to decide the curriculum. But how will this frustrate incidents like the one portra yed in Inherit the Wind? True, parents should absolutely have a voice in what their children are taught, but is that where the buck moolah? Really, its not. Perhaps it is the best idea that the entire community discussion curriculums, and that means teachers, school board comities, PTAs as well as parents. Through this way, everyone commode discuss what goes into the minds of our leaders of tomorrow. We will get the best of both worlds. On the subject of how much freedom does a teacher possess, that too is up to the community. And when the consideration community is used, that again means everyone teachers, school boards, and parents. Maybe it would be even better if teachers were allowed to discuss things as whole. A subject should be explained in as many ways, from as many view points, as possible. Then students can decide for themselves for themselves what they believe. However, in a time when kids will take most everything literally, and and then take it too an extreme, m aybe this methods is not the best. If this topic were to have been discussed two years ago, perhaps the answer would be different. However, since the tragedy at Columbine lavishly School in Colorado a couple of years ago, parameters have changed, and perhaps tightened.

Indian Economic Movements :: Essays Papers

Indian Economic MovementsNet losses at Tata Engineering Co (Telco) rose to Rs 60.36 crore, even as it struggled to delineate the full commissioning costs of its Rs 1,700 crore passenger car project. Turnover during the quarter was more encouraging, jumping 52 per cent to Rs 2,390 crore on the back of strong wad growth in the medium & heavy commercial vehicles segment and higher passenger car sales. Telco said it expected to break even towards the oddity of the year. Analysts said the Pune-based auto majors margins came under pressure following lower, less-than-anticipated, profitability in the ambitious Indica project, Telcos answer to the assault of world-wide car makers in the domestic commercialise. Margins, they said, will remain under pressure thanks to the competition in the commercial vehicles and car businesses. The relatively-insulated commercial vehicles segment, for instance, will capture Swedish truck major Volvo going into expansion mode and Eicher (a newcomer in this segment) will launch its HCV sometime this year. PRODUCTION of petroleum products has fallen by almost 30 per cent in the last four months following a severe drop in refinery margins. Indian Oil Corporation, Reliance petroleum, Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum are amongst the leading refinery companies who are likely to take a hit following the sharp increase in international crude prices which score been rising at a faster pace than the product prices. Standalone refineries like the Mangalore refinery have cut production by almost one-third. Crude throughput, (processing crude in the refineries) has fallen significantly forcing the government to increase product meanings. But theres a risk of getting exposed to a more volatile product market and going in for short term deals which may non always be on the best rates. Sources claimed that they have been fortunate in being open to procure the products at reasonable rates. However, this is not a favourable situation, and should be avoided, industry experts said. Sources argued that the benefits of attaining self sufficiency in refining capacity are not being reaped as the domestic refineries cannot function at optimum margin levels under the given duty structure. Had the duties on crude been lower, refineries would be encouraged to import and produce. Buying crude at $24 a barrel may still allow you to make your margins, but when you pay an additional $3 retributory as duties, selling products become unviable. In an update on an