Relational Skills Reflection Paper Essay Example for Free

Relational Skills Reflection Paper EssayThe purpose of this paper is to every(prenominal)ow me, the scholar to analyze and reflect on a idiot box created between an actor and themselves. Using my noesis obtained I was to tellingly incorporate charge, respect, honesty and sound communication, as they are key principles in establishing a birth with a client (RNAO, 2002). During this familiarity, I encountered an issue that I believe is significant in my suppuration as a control. I was placed into a scenario involving a 47 year old patient role named conjuring trick, who was hold to be discharged later suffering his first pith attack. Finding the patients quietly sitting in a chair watching the floor as I entered the room, I felt the motivation to be in the moment with him. The issue that seemed significant to pay attention to in this scenario was my patients get downings of cosmos overwhelmed by his checkup condition and the changes that needed to be made (Appe ndix A). Sitting within good distance and showing levelheaded body language showed him respect, term acknowledging he had my full attention was displayed to the patient by making comments such(prenominal) as yes and I understand (Appendix A). Through the use of open-ended questions, I was able to identify what was purposeful and concerning to john. bum showed a lot of concern around his ability to care for himself so this doesnt happen again, and worldness able to realise his family (Appendix A). Knowing his concerns, I was then able to acquire the necessary knowledge needed to participate effectively in our nurse-client relationship (RNAO). This visualize has concedeed me to develop further in my manipulation as a nurse. My patients comment on how our encounter gave him more(prenominal) encouragement to type his challenges was proof that my communication methods were effective in developing a therapeutic relationship (Appendix A). The opportunity to set aside my cause c oncerns and way on the patients, allowed me to be in the moment with the patients. In those moments, the experience attentioned me become a better nurse as my actions made me feel more sure-footed after each triumphful encounter. Watching his seventh cranial nerve looking ats and drawing in his positive responses allowed me to watch him develop confidence in my ability to care and in turn, allowed me to develop confidence in myself (Appendix A).The significant actors in this experience were the individual playing the part of John and myself, the nurse attending to the patients needs. My role in the scenario was to identify the concerns of the patient and help them to obtain knowledge. Providingresources for my patient gave him options that were special to his concerns such as a well balanced diet and proper exercise. The options of meeting with a dietician to help make healthy meal choices, and with a physiotherapist to help develop custom exercises to head with him on the r oad encouraged John to change his routines (Appendix A). Taking note of my patients feelings of being overwhelmed by his heart attack, I was able to give him some comfort when offering to find an individual recovering from a heart attack that would be testamenting to sit down and share their life stories and methods of coping (Appendix A). The patients role in this experience was to help create a therapeutic relationship.I first observed my patient with her arms and legs crossed and staring down at the floor with concerned look on his face (Appendix A). Comparing the first image to the end of the scenario showed an individual that was interested in making a change, a smile on his face and as he pronounced, an encouraged perception of his health (Appendix A). The client was in need of direction and help with making the appropriate changes to ensure a healthy lifestyle after having his heart attack. I was able to provide her with resources such as a nutritionist, physiotherapist and social support to adjust to life changes (Appendix A). While meeting the needs of my patient, I was successful in completing my own per discussional needs. Coming into the experience with knowledge of possible resources available, the anxiety present upon basis had disappeared after gaining bridal from my patient through effective communication. The development of a therapeutic relationship allowed both the patient and I to gain from the experience. The patient left feeling encouraged and satisfied, as I felt successful and surefooted in how I handled the situation (appendix A).Before the taping of the scenario began, I was attempt to achieve the perfect scenario while presenting a professional image of a nurse. I acted the way I did due to the lack of experience in the spotlight and I allowed my nerves incite my thought process. This is demonstrated throughout the entire video as I kept returning to the same question are in that location any concerns you have, and trying to understand the patients problem instead of helping them understand and cope with the emotions that are attached to the experience (Appendix A). My feelings, thoughts and responses during this experience were influencedby my personal view and the presence of my preceptor placed me in a nervous state to which I became unsure of how to respond properly to my patients thoughts. This experience allowed me to feel capable of my skill levels and feel confident as a nurse. Overall this scenario showed perception of my growth through the friendly gestures and facial expressions of the patient.Anxiety and melody diminish communication, interpersonal effectiveness and empathy within a nurse-patient relationship (Beddoe and Murphy, 2004). Lack the knowledge and understanding of why I am feeling this anxiety, even with positive reflections on my experience, allowed me to evaluate what I did wrong. Future encounters give help me to reflect on the scenario and blindside my anxiety before it has an effect on my actions. Having a trammel amount of empirical knowledge made it challenging to let the patient know exactly what to call after having a heart attack and what daily routines have to be adjusted. Obtaining empirical knowledge from my gentility regarding the components of a nurse-client relationship reminded me that I needed to place the power into my patient and develop respect and trust within the relationship (CNO, 2004).Personal knowledge was limited in this scenario as it was my first time being placed in the spotlight with a patient and I was unsure of how everything would unfold. Introducing my aesthetic knowledge was shown when I offered to find John an individual recovering from a heart attack that he could speak with (Appendix A). throughout the experience, I became more aware of the patients feelings as I picked up on Johns overwhelmed feelings and concerns around providing for his wife and son (Appendix A).This perception of the experience is seen as Joh n believe that he should have seen the heart attack approach path before it occurred (Appendix A). He stated the he felt encouraged by this experience and felt he had more options to seek. The wife was more of a background actor, only if was said to be a confection woman, who has helped a lot throughout the experience (Appendix A). Valuing ones beliefs and concerns based on an experience is something all nurses should consider. Giving John multiple options and resources to consider instead of telling him what he has to do, have given him the power to make all the necessary changes within his life with the help of his wife and son (Appendix A).If I was given the opportunity to be placed in a similar situation in thefuture, I believe that my anxiety would withal be present, but more control over the situation would be noticeable due to the knowledge I have developed on therapeutic relationships. The relationship skills that I could have performed differently during this experience , was my self-awareness of man emotions. My nerves had played a role in distracting my train of thought when trying to be in the moment with the patient. Repeatedly asking the patient if he had any other concerns he would like to channelize may have given him the feeling of being rushed and that I was not interested in how he was feeling emotionally (Appendix A). On a few occasions, I would finish my patients sentence for him as I felt he was stuck for words, this may have allowed the patient to know I was listening to what he was saying, but also might have given him the idea that I was being rude (Appendix A).During the introduction stage of the experience, my patient told me he was in the hospital due to a heart attack. Empathy is the appreciation of the patients emotions and expression of awareness of what they are presenting (Haslam, 2007). My nerves caused me to overlook his feelings and just right into asking him about any concerns he might have with his state of health (Ap pendix A). It is possible to slip into a task-and time-orientated way of thinking to have got jobs done, thereby neglecting effective communication with patients (Cocker, 2008).Consequences that may have developed from overlooking the patients feelings was the challenge of developing a closer relationship with the client as I was interested in obtaining information to help me solve his problems. Rushing my patient through the experience may have caused him to close himself off from the relationship as he may have felt that I was not listening to what he was truly feeling. This would farewell the patient in the same state he had entered the experience with. The sources of knowledge that I could use to elicit my relational skills in these areas, is to take the time to use with a partner a variety of scenarios that would help me develop my communication skills and place more focus on the patients feelings.The outcome of this experience was positive as my patient left feeling more e ncouraged and had obtained multiple resources to help him incorporate any changes that he may need to adjust within his daily routines (Appendix A). Looking back at this experience I was able to reflect on all of the positiveand negative aspects of a therapeutic relationship. I feel that the next time I am placed in a similar experience, I will be able to blindside my anxiety and personal thoughts and feelings. In turn, I would have the ability to be in the moment with my patients and address not only how I can help solve his problems, but also the feelings and thoughts being experienced. I have learnt that having self awareness identifies what skills I possess and those I need to learn and develop on. Self awareness provides nurses with knowledge of their thoughts, feelings and what they do to become awareness of issues that may affect their ability to intervene effectively (Parsons White, 2008). There will always be room to learn and remediate my skills, and with practice, I wil l get the chance to watch them become second nature to me.This experience has taught me to bend all the barriers such as the presence of anxiety in new situations. With confidence in creating an effective therapeutic relationship, I can focus on being in the moment with the patient. I have learnt that my anxiety can affect my interactions with patients, and that it is more than trying to solve the patients problems, it is about showing you care and being there in the moment to listen. This experience has allowed me to realize how a nurses action can affect the development of a therapeutic relationship. My ethical knowledge allowed me to recognize my patients overwhelmed feelings due to his health condition and by pursuance my values and beliefs, I knew that he was in need of someone to care and help guide him in the right direction. Using my aesthetic knowledge, I was able to think of possible resources for my patient, and the creative idea of decision a previous heart attack pat ient showed my patient that I was willing to take that senseless step and comfort his feelings.The knowledge gained from this experience can be incorporated into future situations and will allow for proper adjustments and better relationships to be developed. Lacking empirical knowledge before entering the scenario was a barrier that challenged my patient care. Knowing more information on heart attacks would have allowed me to present the patient with more options and what he could expect in the future (RNAO, 2002). Acknowledging my personal knowledge gathered from previous experiences, I considered how I would like to be treated and that anxiety would be present. Knowing this helped me to reduce my fidgeting and respect my patient by actively listening and keeping eye contact (Appendix A). This experiencewill influence my future practice as a nurse because I have learnt that nursing is more than working on kettle of fish the patients physical needs, but is more of an ethical inte raction where you can take the time to be there in the moment with them. Looking at each experience as a stepping stone toward my success as a nurse and with each successful hurdle crossed, I can confidently rest the next.ReferenceBeddoe, A., and Murphy, S. (2004). Does Mindfulness Decrease Stress and Foster Empathy Among care for Students? journal of Nursing Education, 43(7), 305-12. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from ProQuest Nursing assort Health Source database. (Document ID 669281021).Carper, B.A. (1978) Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in Nursing. New York. Aspen Publishers, Inc.Cocker, J. (2008). Patient dignity. Nursing Standard, 22(25), 59-60. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from ProQuest Nursing consort Health Source database. (Document ID 1440306621).College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO), (2004, January). CNO Practice Standard Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship. Retrieved February 15, 2008, from http//cno.org/docs/prac/41033_Therapeutic.pdfHaslam, N. (2007). Humanising medical p ractice the role of empathy. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7), 381-2. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from ProQuest Nursing Allied Health Source database. (Document ID 1374608891).Parsons,A., and White, J. (2008). Learning from reflection on intramuscular injections. Nursing Standard, 22(17), 35-40. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from ProQuest Nursing Allied Health Source database. (Document ID 1413949861).Registered Nurses of Ontario (RNAO), (2002, Novemeber). Best Practice Guidelines Establishing Therapeutic Relationships. Retrieved January 15, 2008 from http//www.rnao.org/bestpractices/completed_guidelines/BPG_Guide_C2_TR.asp

Mass media Essay Example for Free

Mass media EssayFrom my point of view, I agree that the atomic reactor media, including TV, radio set and newspaper have a great form in shaping people ideas . Nowdays bundle media is a form of progress of information and conference technology. Through the mass media that the more developed allows information penetrate comfortably in the community. Information in any form can be disseminated quickly and easily so that it affects the viewpoints, lifestyles, and culture of a nation. The rapid flow of information causes us not to be qualified to filter the messages. As a result subconsciously it little by little have been bear on trope of behavior and culture in parliamentary law. Long-standing culture and become a benchmark in society behave are now almost gone and escapes the attention of the community. As a result, the longer the mixer changes in the community began to surface a raised. The influence of the mass media on contemporary theory of the influence of media o n society has been fostering the rapid reforms in society.The influence of the media with regard to other aspects such as the nature of the communicators, the content, information from the media itself, as well as the response from the community. Rapid outgrowth of information and communication technologies such as mass media, led to rapid changes everywhere. The Mass Media have gradually brought the community into a new cultural patterns and begin to determine the mindset and culture of community behavior.The Media tells people how decent standards of live for a human, thus indirectly causing the Community judge whether their neighborhoods have been worth or whether he has met the standard and this heavily influenced picture of what is seen, heard and read from the media. Message or information conveyed by the media could be a support community for the better, making the public feel happy to be themselves, feel instead deflating or otherwise trust him or feeling low than others. Existence of other behaviour pattern changes of lifestyle.Usually someone will imitate everything related to his idols are good in terms of dress, look, or how to speak her piece that reflects themselves his idols. The above are likely to be more influential on a generation. A socio-psychological, information flows that continue to hit our lives will give rise to various influences on the development of the soul, especially for children and teens. Their behavior patterns, little by little is affected by what they receive may be deviated from the stage of development of the soul as well as the norms in force.The positive effects of mass media on society is the society would gain something more news worthy. For example, news bombing of WTC and the struggle in Iraq, despite being in a different country but with proper information and information through the mass media. This will cause people to be more sensitive to the issues at. In addition, through the use of internet and telephone bimbit allow community out of its cocoon. For the conclusion, am agree that the mass media, including TV, radio and newspaper have a great influence in shaping people ideas.

Own Self Concepts Essay Example for Free

Own self-importance Concepts EssayOwn Self Concepts SPC 2300 12 Own Self Concepts 1. Define one change you would similar to make in yourself. It might be a way or anything about yourself that you would like to alter. * I would like to change one of my behaviors about myself. The worst quality about me is that I am ceaselessly late no matter what the case may be. I am non late on purpose, only if it seems like something continuously puts me behind muniment. It drives both my family and friends crazy. They control learned when I say I leave be there in thirty minutes, to expect me in about an hour. This is a behavior of mine that I need to work on immediately. . Write a specific last for fashioning the change, being sure your goal is realistic and fair. Use affirming, motivational language in your goal. For example, I will show my best friends that I am paying attention when they talk to me. * This is something about myself I have needed to change for a long time. It is not something I do intentionally to drive my family and friends crazy. I need to become a little more time oriented, so that I can be where I say I am going to be, at a certain time. I will show my family and friends that I can be on time to their events.My first goal is to sit wad with a calendar, and write down already known events and times. This way I will not schedule more than one event at a time. Next, by having a planner, I can total any new events that occur in future. I will be able to check uncommitted dates and make sure I have nothing already planned. Lastly, by sticking to my schedule and formulation ahead it should reduce the amount of time I am late. I know I always have to expect the unexpected, but at least I have control over the already known about. 3. Observe or think of others who are models for what you want to be. Write down what they do.For example, Tracy nods a distribute and repeats back what others say so they know she is listening. * A model pe rson for me to observe and take tips from would be my mother. She will have a whole list of things to accomplish within her day, and gets them all done and on time. She has a monthly day planner that she carries with her at all times. She always makes sure to add alpha and upcoming events, as well as any of her daily to-dos to the planner. My mom also makes sure not to make more plans than she can fulfill within her day. It seems to work for my mom, so I dont see why it wouldnt work for me. . What context or setting is required for you to achieve your goal? For example, I will talk with my friends in private, distraction-free settings. * I will need to follow the schedule I set for myself and not let myself get distracted from my original plans. It might even be dear for my family and friends to be a little bit stricter when it comes to my tardiness. For the most part, this behavior is something I have to train myself on. No one else can do this for me. I have got to learn how to manage my time better, so that I will arrive at events when I am supposed to be there. . Identify potential barriers to the change. roughly potential barriers that may cause some problems for my change will be the exact people who pray the change of me. I will admit that I do control a lot of my tardiness, but not all of it is my fault. I will be on my way somewhere, when a friend asks me to do something for them. They promise it will only take five minutes. At that point, it is usually over an hour when they are done with me. I have got to learn to tell my family and friends no sometimes, in order to fulfill previous obligations.

Types of Constitution Essay Example for Free

Types of temper Essay* Written and Unwritten Most opuss be enacted or codified, either in a single document or series of documents. Many countries gather in followed the models of the US or French constitutions. The UK constitution is considered to be unwritten, despite key documents such as the military man Rights Act 1998 which could be viewed as constitutional documents there is no systematic code. The only other states non to gull entirely written constitutions are New Zealand and Israel. * Rigid and FlexibleThe ease with which a constitution can be altered is a factor. Some are classed as rigid if they require a special process before they can be budged. This process is usually more onerous and so restricts the ability to change a constitution compared to other impartialitys. To amend the Bill of Rights in the US Constitution requires a two thirds majority of both Houses of Congress and ratification by three quarters of raise legislatures. In the Republic of Irela nd amendments must be passed by the legislature and then approved by a majority in a referendum. The UK constitution is described as flexible as it requires only the rule procedure to pass on Act of Parliament, essentially a majority in both the Houses, to change any written law elements. The UK constitution also includes non legal rules which can be changed without any white-tie procedure. * Supreme and SubordinateA supreme constitution is non subject to any external passkey force. A subordinate constitution is drafted and introduced in a country by an external sovereign major power, so could be amended by that external power. At the core of the distinction is whether the constitution provides the highest form of law in the land. For example subordinate constitutions can be found in federal systems and in countries which have gained partial independence provided are a limited government. The UK constitution is viewed as supreme. Although, the constitutional meet of UK member ship of the European Union (EU) is debated. It can be argued that UK sovereignty is limited by EU treaties but it can be seen this limitation is voluntary, under an Act of Parliament European Communities Act 1972 and therefore does not alter supremacy.* Federal and Unitary The internal division of power within a state is an meaning(a) aspect. In a unitary state only the central government has primary law making powers, powers may be delegated to lower tiers only. In a federal state, both the central government and the soulfulness territories comprising the federation have primary powers. For example, in US the individual States have autonomy to legislate on some matters. Despite devolution, the UK remains a unitary state, with Parliament having the ultimate law making power over all the constituent nations. * Republican and MonarchicalIn republics, there is no monarchy and there leave alone normally be a President, who is a directly elected Head of State, such as in the US. In s ome republics the President can be restricted to a more formal purpose of a figurehead, such as Italy or Germany. The UK remains monarchical, with the Queen as Head of State. The monarch continues to jibe formal powers under the royal prerogative, although in practice these are exercised by the elected Government.

Computing project Essay Example for Free

Computing project EssayThe musical arrangement exit require a expenditurer bring up and a war cry to view or edit both matter solitary(prenominal) angiotensin-converting enzyme person is permitted to use the brass, no-one else requires access All cross- files go forth also be password protected. Database The teacher give be able to add or delete any records as needed It give herstwhile(a) wholly necessary expatiate Specific Objectives The infobase will be able to create reports to luff what stage the scholar is at The informationbase will calculate how legion(predicate) lessons a bookman has had and how much they engender paid with plus if in that respect are any dandy balances re maining. My form is knowing to help the teacher, the teacher has many problems with the current organization, and many magazines it has cost him baseless moments. The current system is very old and has a lot of potential problems and I wish to draw in a system that eradicat es these obvious problems. My system for a start will store the entire student inside information carefully and properly in line with in all info protection acts. The main subject is that these details should not bunk mixed-up and the teacher has access to this all the magazine so that he lot contact the student at any period. The details should also be available so that it can be updated any time it needs to be.By having all these details stored onto the system it is kept proficiently and in one tell rather than having musical composition forms lying rough renderting anomic and muddled up, these forms will only be accessed only in one place so if the instructor needs these back in the social function or at to work from at plaza therefore it is not possible to induce water seven-fold copies as it will not all be up to date. For example if a student changes the home phone number thus the instructor will flip to update both sheet of paper he has with the stude nts phone number if he does not indeed it will be inconsistent and this can cause problems.The main reason for my proposal of this system is to en reliable that the instructor does not continue reprise date and not booking students at all. Currently at the end of a lesson the student asks for a booking and the instructor will look in his daybook and book appropriately, many measure what happens is the instructor looks at the wrong date, for example if the student asks for April 21st 2008 so the instructor may accidentally wanton may 21st 2008 and tell the student he is free. alone in reality on that sidereal day an on that time he is busy.This is one of the things the instructor is complaining about and also another thing that has been drawn to my attention is that he misreads the time, so he tells the student that he is booked at 1300 tomorrow but he is actually free he has a lesson at 300 not 1300 so this is one way the instructor is loosing out on money. I wish to assu me this issue and avoid these mistakes happening. GCE A2 Computing CPT 6 Ram Bhojani EXISTING constitution Instructor Bookings Ram Bhojani 13HAN PROPOSED SYSTEM DESIGN OVERALL SYSTEM Input playes Student Name Calculate the number of lessons so remote Student fare Calculate the total amount spent.Student Address Add a student Lesson Code burn a student Price Per Lesson Delete a student meet and time of following lesson Search a Student Day Booked Search Availabilities Time Booked Edit a booking File Outputs Student Details Student details Availability Details Number of lessons each student has had add spent Balances FORMS General Name Purpose Main Menu This allows the instructor to access the student details and availability details. Student Details This allows the instructor to view all details about a student. It also allows the instructor to print a report on the student shape out Availability Details.This allows the instructor to forecast what dates and times are avai lable in the next two weeks and make a booking. USER INTERFACE DESIGN MAIN MENU STUDENT DETAILS MENU availableness DETAILS DATABASE DESIGN INCLUDING ER MODEL STUDENT (StudentName, StudentNumber, StudentAddress, LessonCode, PricePerLesson, DateAndTimeOf besideLesson) Availability (AvailableSlots, NextLessonBooked) RECORD STRUCTURE Instructor national name Data type Size format Description AvailableSlots Date/time, Date time Shows what dates and times are available NextLessonBooked Date/time, Date time Name of student and the day, date and time of their next lesson.Student sphere name Data type Size/format Description Student name Text, 20 The first name and last name of the student. Student number Number, 8 A quaint number given to each student for lento reference. Student yell Text, 50 Full address of student, including postal address. Lesson code Number 5 A code that determines what sort of lesson they take, they can have an hour lesson, one and half-hour or pass plus. Price pe r lesson Number, Decimal 5,2 How much the student pays for each lesson Date and time of next lesson Date time Date time The next lesson student has booked. VALIDATION.I will use validation on some of the domain of a functions on the tables so there is less come across of wrong data being inputted. There are only some fields that can have validation but by ensuring they have a working validation it will mean that the system will not be wrong. Things that I can validate are numbers or particularised number of characters. This is to make sure that the data entered conforms to a certain standard. The user cannot get word the validation rules, so when they make a mistake they find out as an error meaning appears. VALIDATION Field Name Validation image Validation Rule Error message Student Number Type Check.8 digits The student number mustiness be 8 digits Lesson Code Type specify 5 Digits The lesson code must be 5 digits. STORAGE AND MEDIA FORMAT For my system I need to grapple how astronomical each file will be so I have calculated the surface of each field, and multiplied that but the amount of fields ii may get, to get an estimate of how large the file could get. Storage and media format Field name Number of records Size of record/ bytes Total coat of records/bytes Student name 30 32 960 Student number 30 8 240 Student address. 30 65 1950 Lesson code 30 5 150 Price per lesson 30 8 240 Date and time of next lesson 30 16 480.Available lessons 31 20 620 Next lessons booked 6 134 804 Total 5444b 5. 4kb I have calculated that the approximate maximum size that I will need for the data to be stored will be around 6kb, which is small enough to fit on almost any data storage type. The most suitable storage cunning for this will be the sonorous criminal record drive on the laptop computer to be used. This means that the system will not be confounded easily as it is not a portable storage device but on a actual laptop, which would be looked after carefully . There is a large amount of space on the hard disk nitty-gritty that there will be available space for expansion if necessary.Also the laptop can be connected to a computer in the office via a USB cable meaning that the data could be backed up and if needed archived. IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE ALGORITHMS FOR DATA TRANSFER Process to calculate Total number of lessons so far = (Student Lessons)*(Total) Process to calculate Total spent so far =(Total lessons)*(Price Per lesson) Produce report of students ready for tribulation Search through student details with criteria field Ready students to find matching records. If there are no matching records output an error message to the user. PLANNED VALID OUTPU.T.For my system outputs I have decided to create a report for students to see their progress. This will need to be created in Access. DESCRIPTION OF MEASURES PLANNED FOR credentials AND INTEGRITY OF DATA. The data must be kept secure and correct as this informations is very confide ntial, if details of the student were to get incapacitated or misplaced then this would be in breach of the data protection act. To keep the data secure I am going to make sure that the user backs up the data at the end of every working week and keeps this disc either safely at home or in the office.There will also be a back up of the main system so if it happens to crash or is damaged then it can be set backd. If the system does crash then the files will have to be manually transferred back into the system from the backup. DESCRIPTION OF MEASURES PLANNED FOR SYSTEM SECURITY The system will not be secured with passwords however the computer will have a password this will be set to expire every 28 days to check out that the data is safe even if someone gains the password, the user will generally have to be careful and keep the laptop besides him at all times or lock it in a glove compartment.When the instructor goes home he can either take it with him and store it at home carefull y or leave it at the office in a safe place. As my system is only designed for one person the password on the system should be a sufficient security measure. study STRATEGY The system must be thoroughly tested to make sure that no errors lapse the system is up and running play. This is logical because if errors occur when the user starts to use the system, it can cost time to get it fixed. Hopefully if my testing strategy is good enough, it will not have any errors when it goes live.I am going to use bottom up testing, to test the system. This involves testing each individual module victimisation prepared test data, which includes normal data, extreme data, upper and lower limits and individual data after this is do I will test the program to see if every route through the program is tested, every statement is executed, accuracy of the processing and that the program fits the original specification. This will make sure that the system is running correctly as this is canonicall y using the whole system. I am also going to test the system in a beta testing method, although this will be a small scale.I am going to give the system to the user for a week just to make sure that everything works correctly. IMPLEMENTATION Login Screen Main Menu This is the main menu of my programme from here there are three options availability details and student details. Finally you can exit. demonstrateing Test ID Test Data Test/Type Reason for test Expected Results Actual Results Data Entry 1.My system does conisit of tables and menus, both the student details and availability detail screens are very simple-minded, it just displays details about these two entities.The booking screen is more complex because it needs to be live, so when the instructor makes a booking it needs to update on the next lesson booked screen and the availability screen. PROCEDURE AND shifting LIST/ DESCRIPTIONS FOR PROGRAMS OR LIST OF PACKAGE ITEMS DEVELOPED Type of item Item Name Descriptions rem and Student Details Holds all the details of the students that the instructor teaches, this includes first name, last name, address, phone number and the details of their next lesson that has been booked.Holds the details of all the available time slots in the coming fortnight, this allows the instructor only to see what is available, he can liaise with the student and once a slot is agreed a booking can be made. Form Make A Booking This form allows the user to make a booking for a lesson, he will need to enter the student number, and then first of all select a time and then the date. Once all these are selected the appointment is made. Form Next lesson Booked Has a list of students and the date and time of their next lesson, so the instructor can check on this if he receives a query from the student.CREATION AND CUSTOMISATION OF THE DATABASE TABLES I created all my tables in Microsoft access I then linked it up to visual basics, The table below is the Student Details table. It cons ists of mostly textual matter and one field of number, the reason that the telephone number is a text field rather than a number is because telephone numbers usually start with a 0 and if I put the data type as numbers then it will not let me add a 0 at the front. USER MANUAL BRIEF INTRODUCTION The instructor database is a simple system to hairgrip bookings given to the instructor.The system allows the instructor to control appointments already made and allows him to make new appointments. It allows him to keep electronic records of all students, past and present. The students all have unique student numbers that the instructor can use to search for them. It stores details about students names, addresses, telephone numbers and the lessons they have booked. There is a very easy to use form that allows the instructor to make a booking.Microsoft Access 2007 or later. To install the system one must either move the file onto the hard disc of the computer. This can be done by selecting the file Instructor Database System and copying and pasting it into an empty folder on the hard disc, this maybe the outperform idea as there is a possibility a removable storage device could get lost or corrupt. This system could be also run from a removable storage device by opening the file and run it straight away. To back the system up the system the database file can be copied onto a USB pen or CD-R.When the system is going to be backed up, the file should be copied onto the USB pen, when this done a message box may appear asking if you want to replace the existing file just select yes or yes to all. This would mean that the backup would be separated from the main system, meaning less chance of losing both the original and the backup. USING THE SYSTEM Here is a simple short set of instructions to use the system. When the instructor opens up they will be asked to log on, The username at the moment is Ian and the password is Burleigh. Once they enter all these details correctly it allows them to use the system.Once the instructor logs on, he will come to the main menu of the system, I am going to show him to basic things in this tutorial, how to find the phone number of a student and then how to make a booking. infra is the main menu, to get to the student phone number he has to select the student details button, then the screen will have three buttons saying details, he can select any of these three, they all do the same job. Once that is selected at the screen below will appear, there are no details at the moment, but once show details button is pressed all the details will appear.The instructor now needs to press the back button until he arrives back at the main menu, and then select availability details. Then select make a booking. Once the make a booing screen appears first he has to select the date that he wants, then the time and lastly the student number. Once that is done press save and then it is saved. Appraisal Comparision of project performa nce against objectives. To canvas the objectives and the performance , I will put the original objectives down and compare against each one. General Objectives Security.The database will be able to create reports to show what stage the student is at The database will calculate how many lessons a student has had and how much they have paid with plus if there are any outstanding balances remaining.My system is designed to help the instructor, the instructor has many problems with the current system, and many times it has cost him jobless hours. The current system is very old and has a lot of potential problems and I wish to make a system that eradicates these obvious problems. My system for a start will store the entire student details carefully and properly in line with all data protection acts. The main thing is that these details should not get lost and the instructor has access to this all the time so that he can contact the student at any time. The details should also be availab le so that it can be updated any time it needs to be.By having all these details stored onto the system it is kept safely and in one place rather than having paper forms lying about getting lost and muddled up, these forms will only be accessed only in one place so if the instructor needs these back in the office or at to work from at home then it is not possible to have multiple copies as it will not all be up to date. For example if a student changes the home phone number then the instructor will have to update every sheet of paper he has with the students phone number if he does not then it will be inconsistent and this can cause problems.The main reason for my proposal of this system is to ensure that the instructor does not continue double booking and not booking students at all. Currently at the end of a lesson the student asks for a booking and the instructor will look in his diary and book appropriately, many times what happens is the instructor looks at the wrong date, for example if the student asks for April 21st 2008 then the instructor may accidentally open may 21st 2008 and tell the student he is free. But in reality on that day an on that time he is busy.

The Last of the Mohicans Essay Example for Free

The Last of the Mohicans testNicole Kidman and Daniel Day Lewis both render excellent executions as Satin and Hawkeye in the movies, Moulin Rouge and The Last of the Mohicans, respectively. However, with the genres being kind of different for each of these movies, both performers had to face specific demands in terms of their performing and preparation for their roles in each of these subscribe tos. Acting is nighthing that not most people can do and do well. On convey acting takes on a brand new life when compared to acting on be. While many another(prenominal) people claim that acting on stage is much much difficult than acting on movie theater, what most people dont know is that in film, there is no room for fickleness because the performers are expected to be the exact copy or portrayal of the portion that they perform. In stage acting, on the other hand, actors usually own the role and in many cases the fictitious character is forgotten in favor of the actor. Fo r instance, in Miss Saigon, it was not the main protagonist Kim that people wanted to watch for unaccompanied when Lea Salonga.The case is different in film for instance, in the movie, The Queen Helen Mirren had to perform as an actress to be as truthful and accurate as she can be to the real Elizabeth, Queen of England. The demands in film and stage acting are different and albeit dissenting opinions, film actors go through more mingy preparations before they are seen in their films so that the truth becomes more apparent and vivid to the audition. This means that acting on film is a craft of truth and that it should be something that actors and actresses assimilate and internalize to be competent to perform well.In Moulin Rouge Nicole Kidman played the role of Satine, a turberculous, whap struck, performer/courtesan to whom a struggling poet falls in love with. Satine is then place between two men, one a wealthy Duke and her true love, Christian, the poet. This film can be considered a hybrid because it is both a musical and a romantic comedy and it is surprising that Nicole Kidman had to use her real voice in performing as Satine in the many instances in the film where the character had to sing.The actress admits to having had gone through voice lessons to prepare for the film, which ab initio go outs one the idea of what the film demanded of this particular actress. Other than getting voice lessons, Nicole also had to take jump lessons for the numerous dance numbers that she had to do in the film. Save it to say that the film was created in the gipsy tradition which involved ostentatious set designs as well as loud colors and unrealistic scenery. These took their toll on the actress as well being set in a bohemian surround required that the actress also exude a bohemia air.So, Nicole as Satine brought life to the character (pun intended) as she portrayed the thickened constitution and soft, longing girl that Satine was. In effect, Nicole had to convey two characters that belonged to entirely different spectrums, one, an insensitive and gold-digging whore, and two, a lonely girl in love who would want to break a counselling from the demands of her job. Satines conviction, however, lies in her fantasy of having a show of her own and finding her one true love, so Nicole had to balance the calloused personality that Satine was known for and the gentle, thoughtful, and loving girl that had dreams of her own.Another acting demand that Nicole had to meet for this film was the need to hold on indifferent yet hopeful through bug out the film. The challenge here is to be indifferent and allow wee slivers of hope to shine through in her almost subdued acting. The reason for this is that Kidman had to maintain the mode of the film and bandage at the same time excluding herself from the fanfare that characterized most of the actors.The mood was quite surreal, a mood to which the wealthy Duke belonged to but the film offered a nother dimension, that of Christian, a more realistic and truthful dimension, so Satine had to be adequate for both worlds to successfully exist. Hence, Kidman, while being portrayed as a colorful and surreal character had to retain a certain degree of anchorage on reality in her execution to also make her fit for her true love, Christian. All in all, Kidmans performance as Satine was out of the box because she had many demands on her beyond just the initial demands of pick uping to sing and dance for the film.Her performance successfully brought her character to life and effectively conveyed the kinds of messages and emotions that were required of the character at certain points in the film. In this particular film, Kidman had to act more accordingly to delirious acting than on material acting. Physical acting, while all acting is in fact considered physical, is the kind of acting that requires the performer to use more physical language instead of emotional language as opposed to emotional acting.This means that a character has to make full use of physical faculties to illicit a physical response instead of victimisation these faculties to illicit a subtle emotional response from the audience. Physical acting is more evident in action and adventure films of which The Last of the Mohicans is one. In this film, Daniel Day Lewis who plays Hawkeye, a white man who is part of the decease Mohican tribe refuse to join the English Militia and come across two Indian women with whom love stories blossom amid the war.Immediately, it becomes evident that there were demands of conviction for the actor as he was expected to again, be torn between defending the Mohicans and the woman that he loved. While this film may be considered an adventure in all its aspects, it has elements of a love story and may be considered a hybrid. Perhaps most contemporary films now are considered hybrids because conflicts are created on the basis of various relationships and situations t hat pass for different theme genres. firing back to Lewis, another demand that this actor had to meet was the physical demand for the film Lewis had, according to some sources, undergo agonizing weight training to get into character. He also had to assimilate to the rugged purlieu of the forests in which his character lived this meant that he had to learn how to hunt and fish and survive only on the resources imbed in the forest. In addition to this, crew members involved in the film reveal that Lewis also had to learn to skin animals and carry a long rifle at all times to remain in character.This is a film where the surroundings is an important element of the acting, and may even be considered a character because included in the demands of the actor was that he had to learn to interact with the environment and approach it like it was part of the story, as in fact, it was. Comparing this to the earlier film, Moulin Rouge Lewis had to do more physical acting than emotional acting because while there was a love angle in the film, Lewis also had to convey the barbarism and fierceness of the Mohicans, the tribe which he represented and had to embody.So, despite gentle and passionate scenes in the film, these were only added to give a deeper dimension to the conviction of the character, but more importantly, Lewis had to act like he was part of the environment and like he was the meat and bone of the conflict to portray his character more accurately and more realistically. In both of these films, the acting demands are quite clear and in any film in particular, any actor pass on have to meet these acting demands not as an obligation or a duty to the director or the producer but as a responsibility to the audience that has faith on the way actors and actresses should perform in character.Films are often driven by the way characters act and how the actors and actresses meet the acting demands thrown at them. Any effective and successful film will have actors an d actresses fully meeting the demands of both the technical film and the creative aspect which is the story and only then when the actors and actresses do meet these demands will they be able to give back to the audience a film that will grace movie history and hopefully transform into a timeless classic.

Dust Explosion Is One Of The Major Hazards Engineering Essay

Dust fusillade Is One Of The Major Hazards Engineering EssayDust fusillade mustiness be containled but broker of necessary vent field of transaction form, vas strength, in like manner adjacent comme il faut operating theateral procedures and maintaining good ho intentkeeping. here a new cup of tea alter jell and silo for female genitaliaalile manufacturer is designed. So, as a pencil eraser advisor the vent sizing for a silo is presented to vent a patter fit.Information required for the t solely(prenominal)y of the vent sizing ar strength of the watercraft i.e. silo, blowup properties of the disseminate, size and shape of the watercraft, the placid energizing pressure that is to open the electric discharge in case of any(prenominal) pressure plagia initiate, condition of the dispel cloud.If the splosh is found to be toxic then venting should not be by if theres immediate revile to the environment. But in some un debarable circumstances then the venting is through with(p) with an endangered bea shall be specified. For that safe let go of bea must be calculated to vent the pass around to the atmo area.And perspective of venting is chosen on the top of the silo i.e. vertical venting. This assumption made on the condition that the silo is sited in a congested area. Horizontal venting lead aro intake harm the strength working in the plant area.Plant SketchSilo Air to bag filterPneumatic transporterCyclonePowder penetrationfrom plantAir BlowerVibrating pop outlets to bag weft putsData attached,Silo is of cylindrical shape.Diameter = 10m tip = 30m evince groove space = 15 mSilo Design pressure = 0.25 bargMaterial stored in silo is ductile world power and overly includes Methylene dianiline (MDA).Here the spit is tested in and 20 litre sphere apparatus to find the maximum rate of pressure rise per unit season. The main apparatus is domain of a function volley vessel, clay dispersion system, ignition source, Pressure monitoring system and control system. This test done as per BS EN 14034-2 two hundred6. And it is found that(dp/dt) max = 928 bar.s-1Where (dp/dt) max upper limit rate of pressure (p) rise per unit conviction (t)The objectives of this design arei. To vent the deflagrating that occurs indoors the vesselii. To avoid the injury to personnel by vent acquitiii. To limit the damage of the vesseliv. To limit the damage of the borderingby structuresThe spare-time activity steps are identify for venting sizing with reference toi. Dust deflagration index Kst must be found,Kst = (dp/dt)max * V 1/3Where (dp/dt) max Maximum rate of pressure (p) rise per unit time (t) =928 bar/sAnd volume of the test apparatus is 0.02m3Kst = 928 * (0.02)1/3 bar.m.s-1Kst = 252 bar.m.s-1ii. Now maximum explosion overpressure occurs during dust explosion in an enfold vessel (non- ventilate vessel) Pmax which is to determine the explosive characteristics of the dust. Procedure for measuring Pmax is d one in 5litre apparatus and the apparatus is designed to withstand an native overpressure of 20 bar. First required amount of dust is blastn for the test. Then the dust is dispersed in the vessel at atmospheric pressure and out front that the initial temperature is noted down. Then initial pressure Pi i.e. just a moment earlier ignition is noted. And the pressure rise recorded as a function of time. And from pressure time persuade Pex is determined for the particular dust concentration. And the test is done for various dust concentration and the Pex guides are plot with various dust concentration until the maximum value of Pex is found. And that maximum value is the maximum overpressure Pmax.This Pmax and Kst plays crucial agent in determining the vent size and design for explosion protection. Here dust mixture man is not known, so the vent size is based on spiritedest Kst and Pmax value. The result of Pmax for various dust classes is referred from BS EN 14034-22006, the b ow is shown infraKst (bar.m.s-1)Dust explosion classPmax (bar)0 St 1 9200 St 2 10Kst 300St 3 12 dining put off 1aWhere,St 1- moderate explosibleSt 2 strong explosibleSt 3 very strongly explosible consequently from the fudge above Pmax is interpreted as 10 bar for Kst = 252 bar.m.s-1 and the dust is classified as St 2.iii. Now the vessel design pressure selection must be measured, if the edge vessel is designed as ASTM then Pmawp (Maximum allowable work pressure) wad be calculated. Here it is given that design pressure is 0.25barg.Venting provided should be sufficient to reduce the enclosure vessel rapture overdue to reduced maximum overpressure, Pred,maxHere Pred,max shall be chose shall not exceed two-third of the vessel strength. Venting shall be provided such(prenominal) that Pred,max shall not exceed the vessel strength to prevent the rapture of vessel during venting.Pred,max (Pes/ DLF)Where, DLF dynamic Load actor as a result of pressure rise. In absence of detaile d structural analysis, it is pretended that DLF = 1.5 the design based on weakest structural element.i.e. Pred,max (2/3)(Pes)WherePes enclosure strength in barHence, Pred,max = 0.166 bariv. Vessel Height to diameter ratio, the ratio of height to diameter of the vessel must be included in determining the vent area. Increase in ratio of height to diameter ontogenys the flame propagation inside the vessel. Hence the estimation of the ratio is given below,Veff = r2 hWhere Veff is the volume of the cylindrical vessel were flame groundwork travel along the path.h Height of the cylinderr radius of the cylinderVeff = 3.14 * 5* 5* 30 = 2355m3Aeff = Veff / HWhere Aeff is the effective area of the cylindrical vesselAeff = 2355 / 30 =78.5 m2Deff = ((4*Aeff)/)1/2Where Deff is the effective diameter of the cylindrical vesselDeff=((4*78.5)/3.14)1/2 = 10mH/D = 30/10 = 3mv. Venting cover operation, the following factors to considered for the venting cover operation such as venting opening sh all be free and clear, should be obstructed by weather conditions and any dust deposits. The vent cover shall open at its static energizing over pressure Pstat. And vent cover should withstand the pressure within the static activation overpressure Pstat.. Here venting cover with precise mass And Hence Pstat = 0.2 bar.Sizing of vent area, here the specific situation must be considered for the venting sizing. Here the material is transferred by pneumatic conveyor. And this is classified as Inhomogeneous dust distribution as per New findings on explosion venting by R.Siwek.For vessel length L 10mA = 0.0011 * Kst* H *Df * (1/Dz) (8.6 log Pred,max 6) 5.5* log Pred,max + 3.7 ( 1 +1.715 * Pred,max -1.27 * log (H/D))Where, Df diameter of the pipeline, here its assumed as 0.1m for effective dust reductionA Vent area m2Dz effective diameter of the cylindrical vesselDz =( (4*v)/ ) 1/3 = (( 4*2355)/3.14)1/3 = 14A = 0.0011 * 252 * 30 * 0.1 * (1/14) (8.6 log 0.166 6 ) 5.5 log 0.166 + 3.7 (1 + 1.715 * 0.3 -1.27 * log 3)A = 30 m2Effect of vent ducting, duct is normally to vent the discharge to a safe area a focusing from the work area. But increase in duct length will increase reduced maximum explosion pressure.P red,max = -0.03267 * l*(H/D) + 0.3481 * l0.798Where, l length of the duct (m)P red,max maximum reduced explosion pressure with vent ductP red,max = -0.03267 * 15 * (30/10) + 0.3481 * 150.798P red,max = 1.5 barP red,max = 0.2 *(C1 C2) * (1-(H/D)) + C1Where C1 = P red,max * (1 + 17.3 *(A*V-0.753)1.6 * l) = 1.027C2 = (0.0586 * l) + 1.023 * P red,max0.981 (0.01907 *l) = 0.5P red,max = 0.8 barAnd from the above equation relationship surrounded by the reduced maximum explosion pressure with vent duct and duct length stack be found and withal necessary increase in cylindrical vessel strength throne also be estimated.Since the preparation is still being designed and from the above result of with effect of vent duct it is evident that reduced maximum explosio n pressure increases above the vessel design pressure. So the increase in design pressure and the vessel strength must be re-considered if vent duct is employ to deflagrate the flame.Safe discharge,Maximum flame length for dust,X = Q*V1/3Where Q 8 for vertical dischargeX = 8 * (2355)1/3X = 106.4 mMaximum flame width,W = 1.3 * (10*v)1/3 = 37mMaximum external pressure (dust)P = 0.2 * Pred,max * A0.1 * V0.18 = 0.188 barWhere P maximum external pressureA Vent areaV Volume of the cylindrical vessel.2.This bag filling facility handles malleables mill which generates dust must be examined for the explosive characteristics. For that we need to analyse the chemical compositions in it. The explosive dust decomposes generating large bulky energy. This decomposition includes oxygen in the molecule so it is not necessary that it needs style. So it is essential to screen the chemical composition starting time, if the test indicates the presence of explosive characteristics then necessa ry dust explosion prevention and protection techniques must be enforced as a basis of gumshoe.In launch to prevent the dust explosion following techniques are utilisei. gibeling the source of ignitionii. InertingFor explosion protecting the following techniques are applyi. Explosion containmentii. Explosion suppressioniii. VentingDUST EXPLSION auspicesPREVENTIONControl of ignition containmentSourceSuppressionInertingVentingNow the details of each technique are explained in detail belowControlling the source of ignition, dust explosion cannot occur unless theres a source of ignition. And thereof a careful analysis must be done in design, operation and maintenance for the doable sources of ignition. Here are some of come-at-able sources of ignitiona. hot surfaceb. actuatec. electrostatic instigated. heate. frictionf. flamesFlames are one of the sources which can easily ignite the dust. take project heating i.e. using of burners can be avoided in process where dust genera tion is possible. Welding whole kit and boodle carried on the silo which has possible dust generation inside the vessel. So all hot works carried on silo must be allowed as per the statutory requirements. Any Internal combustion engines near the silo might take in the dust generated nearby and can induce explosion. And hence this combustion engine can be avoided or use of flameproof combustion engines.Electric power is also one of the sources of ignition. Electric spark which are produced from electrical equipment, if comes in contact with dust will result in explosion. Hence all the electrical equipment must be intrinsically safe and also ATEX 137 EU directive 95/9/EC certified equipment should be used depending upon the dust and zone assortment. So this must be done during procurement stage. Once ATEX is implemented then zone classification must be done as a part of ATEX requirement by analysing the possible generation dust from the process i.e. zone 20 dust generation is ofte n, zone 21 dust generation likely to occur or Zone 22 dust generation not likely to occur.Dust depositing on hot surface will cause explosion depending on the temperature and geometry of the surface. In most of the cases this can be avoided by good housekeeping. And also Ignition occurs only when the surface temperature reaches the minimum ignition temperature of the dust.Static electricity is also one of the major hazards in process and chemical industries. When a charged particle comes in contact with the opposite or dissimilar object there will be transfer of charge and will results in spark. Since the pulverize brook charged particle, when it comes in contact with dissimilar particle in transferring or free travel there will be transfer of charge which will generate spark. And the spark generated can cause ignition of the dust. Hence all the metal containers must be earthed so that the charge generated will expose away to the earth. And use non conducting materials are re commended in construction. Below diagram show difference between earthed and non-earthed theatre directornumberure 2a Hazards in non-earthed conductorFriction is also one of the ways that dust cloud can be ignited. That is when hot particles come in contact with mechanical equipment by rubbing or bear uponing against the equipment can ignite the dust cloud. This friction ignition depends upon the maximum velocity of the hot particle impacting against the hot surface. And hence use of such mechanical equipment should be avoided.And the early(a) possible chances of ignition of dust clouds can be through spontaneous combustion. So this type of burning occurs due to self-heating as a result of internal exothermic reaction which is followed by thermic runaway. If this heat inconvenience is unable escape will result in ignition. And also sufficient oxygen and dust concentration must be present for the thermal runaway ignition. Hence the safe way is to displace the oxygen is by quaggy ing.Inerting is a process by sending mucky substances to remove or prevent the explosive atmosphere formation. The main objective is to overhaul or to reduce the oxygen level below the lower flammability limit in order to avoid the catastrophic dust explosion, in some case combustion can also occur in very low oxygen level so in that case is safe to replace all the air with inert gases. Even sometimes explosive dust generated inside the vessel can be diluted into non explosive dust by passing certain inert dust e.g. limestone. When inerting theres chance of inert gases gets trapped inside the vessel, where personnels are accessible for confined space works, this will result in asphyxiation. Hence proper statutory rules must be followed in entry of confined space.Care should be taken when inert gases are sent into the distribution line. That is before passing the inert gases the impurities such as equivocal substance moisture etc. should be removed from the inert gases by means of filter. And flow of the inert gases must be maintained by the pressure monitoring and controlled. Flow chart for inerting process is shown belowInertingUse of inert dust as an inert mediumSuitable inert gas operable e.g.) N2, co2 etcPerforming oxygen limiting measurement at process temperature and pressureDesign dust inert systemEnsure the reliability of the monitoring systemInert gas cost when compared to other safety technique, are the cost found satisfactoryConsider basis of safety for design and operationAnd some the other available prevention techniques include installation of pressure sensor, alarm system in-case of overpressure, self-activating shutdown system in-cases of overpressure, Level indicator, correct operational procedures and Proper maintenance and inspection procedures.Explosion containment is used to withstand the explosion pressure rise and to prevent the rupture of the containment. The explosion containment usage is accepted when the release of the process m aterials is not acceptable. First maximum explosion pressure Pmax must be determined, since it is the crucial factor in explosion containment. Hence pressure insusceptible vessels are designed to withstand the maximum explosion pressure without any deformation or rupturing the vessel. And hence the stress induced by the maximum explosion overpressure should not exceed 50% of the yield strength of the weakest part.Explosion pressure nose candy resistant vessel is also designed to handle the maximum explosion pressure but deformation occurs to some extent. And the stress induced by the maximum explosion overpressure should not exceed 90% of the yield strength of the weakest part. synthetic flow chart for explosion containment is shown belowExplosion ContainmentMulti-volumeSingle volumeCan explosion be contained by knowing Pmax and plant design?Are the multiple volume is mechanically isolatedIs devotion of vessel acceptable?Use pressure shock resistant vesselUse pressure resistant vesselConsider basis of safety for design and operationCost valid when compared to other safety techniquesSuppression is a technique which identifies the starting point of explosion and extinguishes the growing get up. Normally suppressor is used whenever it is difficult to discharge the pressure and flame in a safe area. Normally it takes 40 90ms for an explosion to occur when the dust gets ignited. So now the explosion detector detects the pressure rise in the vessel and it is designed to set the alarm when it reaches the reference pressure rise and activates the suppressor so that it suppresses/extinguishes the growing fire ball inside the vessel. Suppressor can also be used in parallel with venting where sufficient venting area is not achieved. And also it is to noted that explosion detector should withstand to the vibration, shock and resistant against corrosion. Below figure shown is the normal working of suppressor in the vessel.Normally suppression can be used for a vess el volume up-to 1000m3. For vessel larger than 1000m3 explosion suppression can be used and the explosion suppressor must be within the vessel volume boundary.Fig 2b Suppressor workingIf a vessel is without suppressor and dust explosion occurs in a enclosed vessel then the pressure rise grow and attains destructible level which is shown below in graphical recordical record (line A). If a suppressor is installed and suppressor extinguished before the explosion then the maximum pressure rise will be reduced Pred within the maximum vessel design pressure, shown below in graph (line B). In order to achieve the above it also depends upon the suppressor location, suppressor discharge rate and also number of suppressor placed in the vessel.Graph 2a Pressure rise with suppressor and without suppressor at that place are many types of suppressors available such as hemispherical suppressor, High rate discharge suppressor are used. Normally high rate discharge are most widely used because for t heir high discharge rate to suppress the fire. In hemispherical suppressor usually liquids i.e. water is used as suppressant and can store upto 5 litres. And the initial velocity of hemispherical suppressor is 200m.s-1 and the discharge time is 10 30 ms. For high rate discharge suppressor the suppressant used can be liquid or dry powder. It can suppressant discharge time is within 10 msec and suppressant stored upto 40kg.And the suppressant materials used in order to supress the fire must quench the combustion. And some of the normally used suppressants are dry powder i.e. dry chemical and water.Flameless venting is done to vent the explosions without any happen of external flame. Flameless venting device consists of flame arrestor which quenches the flame that propagates outside from the vessel. The main principle is that the arrestor reduces the give the axe from flame below the ignition temperature by energy dissipation in the flame arrestor.3.Here in this bag filling facility , use of hazardous substance involved. Hence this operation must abide to control of substance hazardous to health Regulation 2002 (As Amended) (COSHH) to control the hazards to the human health.Here in this bag filling facility there is use of plastic powder which get filled and packed. In this plastic power has an additive known as Methylene dianiline. This plastic powder is a thermoplastic intended for use in injection of moulding machine.This methylene dianiline is a carcinogen which causes cancer when it is inhaled by the people tenanted in bag filling operation. So it is necessary to conduct control of substance hazardous to health risk assessment. And to evaluate the allowable vulnerability limits and the necessary measure to be taken plot of land handing the hazardous materials. of import steps to be followed to prevent the health hazards and to comply with COSHH are as followsi. set the riskii. Control measure implementationiii. Control the exposureiv. Continual improv ement and practice of the control measure implementedv. Monitoring the exposure level with the control measuresvi. Providing health monitoring check upvii. Prepare need plan and conduct emergency mock drillviii. Providing training and necessary information to the employeesSubstances or chemicals that are hazardous to personnel health will come under COSHH. Here methylene dianiline is used which is set as a potential carcinogen and hence the operation should comply with COSHH to control the health hazards and improve the operation.Determine the hazardThe first step is to identify the hazard whether the substance used in the process causes health hazard to employee engaged in work. Here it is set that Methylene Dianiline is a potential carcinogen. So operators engaged for bag filling, sealing and engaged in cleaning activities are at risk if exposed. So first we need to find the possible exposure points. From analysing the operation involved in bag filling facility. The possible re lease/exposure points are identify below,i. filling arms in bag filling station building it vibrates to prevent cloggingii. Opening the valve fast will cause sudden release of pressure.iii. root word sealing possible dust generation since the bag is left openediv. Cleaning the spilled dust near filling areav. Pneumatic conveyor possible leak point will cause dust dischargeHere it is identified that possibility of the substance route to affect operator health is through inhalation when released in air.And hazards of methylene dianiline and its chemical properties are taken from CHIP classification, Now CHIP convention gradually replaced by European CLP. And the hazard classification is taken from European regulation EC No 1271/2008 on Classification labelling and Packing (CLP) from Table 3.2 part3 of Annexure I to directive 67/548/EECIndex No planetary Chemical IdentificationEc NoCAS noClassificationLabellingConcentration Limit612-051-00-14,4Methylenedianiline202-974-4101-77-9Cr ac regurgitate 2R 45 Mutta.Cat,3 R 68T R39/23/24/25Xn R48/20/21/22R43N R51-53TNR45-39/23/24/25-43-48/20/21/22-68-51/53S53-45-61Table 3aClassification is taken from European regulation EC No 1271/2008 on Classification labelling and Packing (CLP) from Table 3.1 part3 of Annexure VI to directive 67/548/EECIndex NoInternational Chemical IdentificationEC NoCAS noClassificationLabelling bad Class and Category codesHazardous Statement CodesPictogram signal word codeHazardous Statement CodesSuppl. Hazardous Statement Codes612-051-00-14,4Methylenedianiline202-974-4101-77-9Carc 1BMuta 2STOT SE 1STOT RE 2Skin sens 1AquaticChronic 2H350H341H370**H373**H317H411GHS08GHS07GHS09DgrH350H341H370**H373**H317H411Table 3bWhere R Risk phase and H Hazard , Classification of levels of danger i.e. harmful, toxic, very toxic as per CHIP regulation. Here MDA is classified as potential carcinogen R 45 Cancer causing substance.deciding proper safe guarding measureSince here the plant is in designing stage so the possible release/exposure points, population exposed to the hazardous substance and route of entry are identified and necessary control measure are indentified below to implement from the designing stage. So COSHH essential uses out of the risk assessment information it chooses one of the methods for control measure shown below,Figure 3aThe factors used in identifying abstract controls measure are in below figure,Figure 3bSo the following steps are followed in identifying adequate control measure as mentioned in COSHH essentials Easy steps to control chemicalsi. Group the hazards identifiedii. Grouping the physical properties of the amount usediii. Asses the anticipated exposureiv. Now combine step 1 to 3 to form a generic assessmentGrouping the hazard, hazards are classified between A to E by R-Phase given in CHIP and H-Phase given in CLP. Below the table shows the classification of hazard group. In the below table units, mg/m3 milligrams per cubic meter and ppm parts per million. From below table methylene dialine classified under group E dust.Table 3cNow to determine the predictive exposure we must first classify the hazardous substance physical properties. Here in bag filling operation, hazardous substance is in dust form, since the plastic powders are granule will generate dust. So as per COSHH essential they have presented a table for identifying the determining(prenominal)s of the hazardous substance. That is the factor for deciding the physical properties for unassailable are dustiness and for the liquid is the volatility.And based upon the below shown table here methylene dianiline is identified as fine solid and light power and the corresponding determinant is identified as high.Table 3dAnd after identifying the determinant and amount used as per COSHH essential has identified four band of exposure potential and the table is shown below,Table 3eHere in bag filling and packing operation the main product is plastic powder which contains met hylene dianiline as an additive. So the quantities used which assumed to be in tonnes, the main aim of this plant is packing plastic powder. And the exposure predictor band here it is identified as EP 4. bump to decide which the control approach is adequate enough to control the situation of health hazard has to be identified from the range given which is used in COSHH essential. And table is shown belowTable 3fAnd based upon the above control approval table and exposure predictor table COSHH essential formed a table relating exposure predictor to control approach. And the table is shown below.Table 3gIn-order to choose the type of control measure recommended we have to relate the target airborne exposure to the exposure predictor band .Hence for this bag filling facility type-4 control is recommended because the concentration level of the dust is unknown.Sample COSHH Risk assessment quantity 1Step 2Step 3Step 4What are the hazardWhat will harm and who?What are you doingImprovements neededWhoWhenCheckBreathing in dust from filling stationSince the dust contains MDA might cause cancer and irritates the gas helmety systemDust maskGet cab and filtered air supplyConveyor to silo, to filling stationNobodyDust ExtractionCheck for leaks weeklyBagging plastic powderCharge handedStorage and dispatchForklift driverDust maskGet cab and filtered air supplyCleaning the plastic powder dust spillCharge handBrushingvacuity hose to dust extractionChanging dust filterCharge handUse of P3 respiratorContract out this workAlsoAction TakenAction neededExamination turn up COSHHSupervisionInstruction and trainingEmergency PlanHealth SurveillanceMonitoringReview exitRecommendationsHere to reduce the possible exposures to hazardous substance below are the following recommendations,i. Minimizing the generation of plastic dust such as designing conveying system in such a way to reduce the impact with hard surface to reduce the dust generation i.e. use of long track elbows.ii. Minim ising the release of plastic dust such as keep silo in good conditions i.e. avoid crack, proper maintenance etc., maintain the transfer equipment in good seal condition to avoid leaks.iii. Plastic dust can be captured and contained.iv. Create awareness among the employee about the hazards associated in handling hazardous substance and use of MSDS.v. Regular health surveillance must be conducted to employee exposed to risk.vi. Use of proper respiratory PPEs while handling with plastic powder. As per COSHH essential it is identified suitable PPEs for the selected group hazard. Table is shown below and it is identified as Assigned protection factor 200. This APF is in reference with BS 4275Table 3h4.Project expositionThe new bag filling line and silo is being constructed for a plastic manufacturer which is located in congested area which means the silo is located in between the nearby structures and objects but the whole plant is located in plain and partly terrain area. This facility involves transfer of plastic powder from the plant to silo for warehousing so that it can used to store plastic powder prior to the bagging and distribution. Here in the silo there is possible release of dust into the atmosphere due to overpressure or overfilling. Since the dust generated inside the silo is vented to atmosphere so it must meet to the current environment legislation in order to avoid air pollution. From Silo the plastic powder is sent to bag filling station. The bag filling station comprises a building in which there are four bag filling stations. Hence an environmental impact aspect must be undertaken before the commencement stage .Plant SketchSilo Air to bag f